Praxis II- English Content Knowledge (0041) – Flashcards
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allegory
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A story in which people (or things or actions) represent an idea or a gerneralization about life. Have a story lesson or moral.
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allusion
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A reference to a familiar person, place, thing or event.
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analogy
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A comparison of objects or ideas that appear to be different but are alike in some important way.
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anapestic
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A short-short-long or unaccented-unaccented-accented. used in whimsical, light poetry like limericks.
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anecdote
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A brief story that illustrates or makes a point.
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aphorism
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A wise saying usually short and written.
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assonance
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The repition of the same sound in words close to one another "white stripes".
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caesura
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A break in the rhythm of language, particulary a national pause in a line of verse, marked by a double vertical line. //
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consonance
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The repition of the final consonant sounds in words containing diferent vowels "stroke of luck".
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archaic
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A form of diction, old fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech "thy, thee, thou"
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colloquialisms
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An expression that is usually accepted in informal situations or regions "wicked awesome".
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enjambment
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A run on sentence line, one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete meaning.
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existentialism
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A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility.
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foot
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One stressed syllable and a number of unstressed
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iambic
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unstessed, stessed
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trochaic
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stressed, unstressed
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dactylic
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stressed, unstressed, unstressed
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free verse
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Contains an irregular metric pattern and line length. also known as vers libre.
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genre
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category of literature defined by style, form, content.
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heroic couplet
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A pair of lines of poetic verse, written in iambic pentameter.
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hubris
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A flaw that leads to the downfall of the tragic hero. Comes from the Greek word "hybus" which means "excessive pride."
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irony
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The use of a word or phrase that means the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning.
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dramatic irony
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The audience knows something that the majority of the characters don't know.
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verbal irony
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When the writer says on thing but means another.
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situational irony
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When the opposite happens of what is expected.
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malapropism
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A type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind "She will indite (for invite) him to supper"
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meter
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A rhythmical pattern in verse that is made up of stressed and unstressed syllables.
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oxymoron
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A phrase that consists of two contradictory terms "Jumpo shrimp".
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Camera view
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When the narrator records the action from his point of view, unaware of the other characters thoughts and opinions.
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rhetoric
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persuasive writing.
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diction
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The author's choice of words based on their clearness, conscience, effectiveness and authenticity.
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style
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How the author uses words, phrases, and sentences to form ideas.
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Tone
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The overall feeling created by an author's use of words
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Transcendtalism
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The philosophy that values freedom, experimentation and spirituality.
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Katherine Patterson
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book: A Bridge to Terabithia
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Christopher Paul Curtis
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books: The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Bud Not Buddy,
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Lois Lowry
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books: Number the Stars, The Giver, Gathering Blue.
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Louis Sacher
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book: Holes
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Ester Forbes
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book: Johnny Tremain
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Patricia Maclachlan
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book: Sarah Plain and Tall
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Phyllis Reynolds Taylor
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book: Shiloh
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William Armstrong
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book: Sounder
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Elizabeth George Speare
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book: Witch of Blackbird Pond
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Madeline L'Engle
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books: A Swiftly Tilting Planet, A Wind in the Door, The Small Rain, 24 Days before Christmas
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Ruth Avi
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book: The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle
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Paul Zindel
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book: The Pigman
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Carl Hiaason
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book: Hoot
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Avi
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books: Crispin, Nothing But The Truth
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Caroline Cooney
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book: The Voice on the Radio
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Robert Cormier
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book: The Chocolate War
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Sandra Cisneros
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book: The House on Mango Street
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Walter Dean Myers
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book: The Glory Field
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Edith Wharton
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book: Ethan Frome
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Alice Walker
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books: The Color Purple; American author, self-declared feminist and womanist; won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
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George Orwell
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books: 1984, Animal Farm; dark satire on Stalinist totalitarianism
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1984
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book written by George Orwell, announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love
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Marjorie Kinnan Rawling
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book: The Yearling
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Scott O'Dell
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book: Island of Blue Dolphins
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Jean Craighead George
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book: Julie of the Wolves
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Jack London
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book: The Call of the Wild, Sea-Wolf, White Fang
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Richard Adams
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book: Watership Down
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Emily Bronte
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book: Wuthering Heights
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Charlotte Bronte
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book: Jane Eyre
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Virgil
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book: The Aeneid
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The Aeneid
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A Trojan (Aeneas) destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas.
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Lewis Carroll
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book: Alice In Wonderland
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Animal Farm
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a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable
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Anna Karenina
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after having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; Russian, 1970s, psychological novel
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Leo Tolstoy
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wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction
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The Pigman
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told in chapters alternating from Lorraine's and John's point of view, opens with an "Oath," signed by both John and Lorraine, two high school sophomores, in which they swear to tell only the facts, in this "memorial epic" about their experiences with Angelo Pignati
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William Shakespeare
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wrote Sonnet 18, Hamlet and Macbeth; greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet, known for sonnets
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Sonnet 18
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"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" Shakespearean couplet with ABAB CDCD EFEF GG rhyme scheme
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Johann David Wyss
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wrote The Swiss Family Robinson
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Kate Chopin
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wrote The Storm; feminist author of the 20th century; born in St. Louis, Missouri
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Sylvia Plath
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wrote The Bell Jar; born during the Great Depression
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The Bell Jar
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a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies
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Toni Morrison
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wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; female, African-American writer, won Pulitzer Prize in 1988
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Beloved
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an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe
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Beowulf
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a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD
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Herman Melville
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wrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet
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The Call of the Wild
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a pampered dog (Buck) adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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wrote The Canterbury Tales
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Fyodor Dostoevsky
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wrote Crime and Punishment; Russian writer, essayist, philosopher
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Crime and Punishment
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in an attempt to prove a theory, a student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s
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Charles Dickens
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wrote David Copperfield, English novelist during Victorian era
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David Copperfield
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after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, a boys finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class
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The Giver
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It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; the novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life; book allegedly glorified Communism
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Christopher Marlowe
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wrote Doctor Faustus
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Helen Keller
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wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King; American author, political activist, lecturer; first deafblind person to earn BA
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John Keats
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wrote "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer," "To Autumn," and "Bright Star, Would I Were Stedfast As Thou Art;" English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century; motifs include departures and reveries, the five sense and art, and the disappearance of the poet and the speaker; symbols include music and musicians, nature, and the ancient world
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Louisa May Alcott
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wrote Little Women; American novelist
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Little Women
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four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love
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Zora Neale Hurston
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wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; 20th century African-American writer; folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance
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Moby Dick
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a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale
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JD Salinger
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wrote The Catcher in the Rye
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The Catcher in the Rye
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bildungsroman; after being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown
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Mary Shelley
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wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer
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Frankenstein
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Gothic novel; a scientist creates a monster, and then abandons it in horror, a decision that leads to disaster and the deaths of nearly everyone he loves
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Maya Angelou
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wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet
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Ray Bradbury
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wrote Dandelion Wine
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Stephen Crane
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wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears
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Daniel Defoe
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wrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel
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Emily Dickinson
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wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;" 19th century poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter
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Frederick Douglass
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wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist, was self-educated slave
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
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wrote "Self-Reliance;" Transcendentalist poet, essayist, speaker
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Robert Frost
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wrote "The Road Not Taken;" American poet; highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech; won Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry four times
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Edgar Allan Poe
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wrote The Fall of the House of Usher, wrote poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;" American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; part of American Romantic Movement
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
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wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"
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HG Wells
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wrote The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine
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Walt Whitman
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wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy
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Farenheit 451
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in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver
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The Joy Luck Club
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a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair
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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
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a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power
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"Self-Reliance"
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NOT anti-society or anti-community; presupposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."
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Nathaniel Hawthorne
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wrote "The Birth-Mark," works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)
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Henry David Thoreau
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wrote "Civil Disobedience;" American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist
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"Civil Disobedience"
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an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state
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The Red Badge of Courage
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a naive young man (Henry Fleming) matures as a result of fighting in the Civil War
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William Butler Yeats
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wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 1916;" Irish poet and dramatist; foremost figures of 20th century literature; British WWI poet
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Aphra Behn
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wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century), one of the first English female writers
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Elizabeth Barrett Browning
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wrote "Aurora Leigh," poet of the Victorian era
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Aurora Leigh
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epic/novel poem written in blank verse and encompasses nine books (the woman's number, the number of the prophetic books of Sibyl)
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t.s. eliot
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wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic
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Virginia Woolf
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wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century
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Jane Eyre
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an impoverished young woman (Jane) struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; Gothic novel, bildungsroman, social portest novel
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Oscar Wilde
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wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray; Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel
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The Picture of Dorian Gray
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the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel
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Anne Bradstreet
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wrote "In Reference to her Children;" English-American writer, first notable American poet; first woman to be published in Colonial America
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"In Reference to her Children"
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maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest
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Langston Hughes
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wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance
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Not Without Laughter
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the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another
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Countee Cullen
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wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance
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Lord Byron
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wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;" British poet and leading figure in Romanticism
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William Wordsworth
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wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" English Romantic poet; joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters
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Macbeth
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inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny
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Willa Cather
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wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors
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Ernest Hemingway
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wrote A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises; American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'
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James Joyce
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wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: 20th century Irish author
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Robinson Crusoe
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a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself
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William Golding
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Wrote To the Ends of the Earth; British novelist, poet
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Watership Down
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heroic fantasy novel about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction
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Washington Irving
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wrote "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle;" American author, essayist, biographer, historian
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Holes
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set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commit
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Karen Hesse
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wrote Out of the Dust
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Sharon Creech
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wrote Walk Two Moons
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Jerry Spinelli
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wrote Maniac Magee
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Ben Mikaelson
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wrote Touching Spirit Bear
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EB White
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wrote Charlotte's Web
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Wendy Towle
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wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an American Inventor
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Nancy Farmer
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wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm
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Mary Downing Hahn
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wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story
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couplet
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a stanza made up of two rhyming lines
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jargon
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specialized words (doctors words)
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end rhyme
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occurs at the end of lines
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foot
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one stressed and a number of unstressed syllables
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hyperbole
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an exaggeration of emphasis
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internal rhyme
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rhyme that happens within a line of verse
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malapropism
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the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar
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paradox
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a contradictory statement that makes sense -- man learns form history that man learns nothing from history
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personification
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a literary device in which animals, ideas and things represent human traits
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refrain
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the repetition or refraising of a phrase or line at the end of each stanza
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verse
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metric line of poetry
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ballad
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a short poem, often written by an anonymous author, comprised of short verses intended to be sung
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canto
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the main section of a poem
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elegy
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a mournful poem -- robert luis stevens's "requiem" and Tennyson's "IN Memoriam"
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epic
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A Long narrative detailing a hero's deeds -- The Aeneid by Virgil, The Illiad and Odyssey by Homer, Beowulf, War and peace by Tolstoy, and Hiawatha by Longfellow
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haiku
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poem written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, five syllables
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limerick
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a humorous verse form of five anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba
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lyric
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a short poem about personal feelings
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sonnet
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14 line poem, usually in iambic pentamitar
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fable
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a short story or folktale that contains a moral --Aesop's fables: The country mouse and the town mouse THe tortis and the hare and the wolf in sheeps clothing
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frame tale
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a narritve technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose or organizing shorter stories, each is a story within a story. -- Chaucer's "Canterbury tales and Emily Bronte's Wulthering Heights
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Ray Bradbury
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Something wicked this way comes
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Legend
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Story about human actions that is perceived by both the teller and the listeners --- Irving's The legend of sleepy hollow, King arthur and the holy grail
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Edgar Allen Poe
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The murder in Rue Morgue
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Charles Dickens
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The Mystery of Ewin Drood
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Novella
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A short 50-100 line narrative-- Orwell's Animal Farm, Kafka's The Metamorphosis
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Romance
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Idealized events far removed from everyday life-- Mary Shelly's Frankenstein, Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida and King Horn (anonymous)
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Science fiction
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Fiction that deals with current and future development-- Orwell's 1984, ALdous Huxley's Brave New World, and Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451
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SHort story
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Jackson's "The Lottery, Irving's "Rip Van WInkle"
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Isabel Allende
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The House of Spirits
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James Balwin
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Go Tell it on the Mountain
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Pearl S Buck
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The Good Earth
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Sanra Cisneros
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The House on Mango Street
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Joseph Conrad
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Heart of Darkness
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Ralph Ellison
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The Invisible Man
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Lorraine Hansberry
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A Raisin in the Sun
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Ernest Hemingway
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A Farewell to Arms
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Homer
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The Odyddey and The Illiad
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Zora Neal Hurston
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Their Eyes were Watching God
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Henry James
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The Turn of a Screw
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Franz Kafka
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The Metamorphosis
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The Crucible
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(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem Witch Trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.
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Arthur Miller
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Death of a Salesman
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Maxine HIng Kingston
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The Woman Worrier
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Leslie Marmon Silko
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Ceremony
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John Steinbeck
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Grapes of Wrath
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The Joy Luck Club
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Amy Tan
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Alice Walker
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The Color Purple
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Thorton Wilder
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Our Town
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Tennessee WIlliams
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THe Glass Menagerie, A Street Car Named Desire
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Paul Zindel
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The Pigman
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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
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the 1969 autobiography about the early years of black writer and poet Maya Angelou. It is a coming of age story that illustrates how strength of character and a love of literature can help overcome racism and trauma. Title comes from Paul Lawrence Dunbar's poem "Sympathy"
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The House on Mango Street
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A woman growing up in poverty in 1960s Chicago is determined to find her own path in life without forgetting her past.
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Heart of Darkness
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A sailor tells the story of his journey through the Congo, where he met an enigmatic, powerful, insane imperialist who had abandoned the rules of English civilization., story reflects the physical and psychological shock Conrad himself experienced in 1890, when he worked briefly in the Belgian Congo.
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Invisible Man
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This story depicts a black man's struggle for identity. In the end, the unnamed narrator runs for his life and falls into a cellar. He decides to remain underground and write a novel about the absurdities of his life., It told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North.
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A Farewell to Arms
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E. Hemingway. A love story which draws heavily on the author's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver during WWI. Falls in love with nurse Catherine Barkley. The Battle of Caporetto. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies due to hemorrhages.
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The Odyssey
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A Greek warrior undertakes an arduous journey back to his homeland and his loyal wife and son, experiencing many fantastical adventures along the way.
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The Illiad
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epic poem about the Trojan war, by Homer
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Their Eyes Were Watching God
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After two marriages to oppressive men, a woman (Janie Crawford) finds temporary happiness with a husband twelve years her junior; themes: the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion
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The Metamorphosis
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(changes to something else , for example caterpillar--> butterfly or man --> werewolf) . Novel by Franz Kafka ,where a man wakes up as a giant insect. He struggles with simple task of getting up and out of bed.
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Death of a Salesman
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(Arthur Miller, 1949). This play questions American values of success. Willy Loman is a failed salesman whose firm fires him after 34 years. Despite his own failures, he desperately wants his sons Biff and Happy to succeed. Told in a series of flashbacks, the story points to Biff's moment of hopelessness, when the former high school star catches his father Willy cheating on his mother, Linda. Eventually, Willy can no longer live with his perceived shortcomings, and commits suicide in an attempt to leave Biff with insurance money.
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The Lottery
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Shirley Jackson. Mysterious town-wide lottery takes place in which the winner is stoned to death. Mrs. Hutchinson wins..., Injustices are easy to overlook when they don't affect you AND traditions should not be carried on simply because they have always been done. There should be some other basis for their presence.
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The Grapes of Wrath
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Set during the Great Depression, this novel focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry.
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The Color Purple
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The story of a protagonist who is repeatedly raped by a man she thinks is her father. A missionary family in Africa adopts the resulting children. The protagonist's sister, Nettie, works for the missionary family, and the novel takes the form of a series of letters between the sisters. Name this Pulitzer Prize winning novel featuring Celie.
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Our Town
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(Thornton Wilder, 1938).It is divided into three acts: "Daily Life" (Professor Willard and Editor Webb gossip on the everyday lives of town residents); "Love and Marriage" (Emily Webb and George Gibbs fall in love and marry); and "Death" (Emily dies while giving birth, and her spirit converses about the meaning of life with other dead people in the cemetery). A Stage Manager talks to the audience and serves as a narrator throughout the drama, which is performed on a bare stage.
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A Street Car Named Desire
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Tennessee Williams. (Drama) Blanche DuBois, fading Southern belle. Nymphomania and alcoholism. French Quarter of New Orleans. Sister Stella, crude Stanley. Pleasure is short. One-way ticket.
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The Canterbury Tales
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a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories.
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Keats
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(1795-1821) One of the principle poets of the English Romantic movement. Odes, "Upon First Looking into Chapman's Homer," "Cristabel," "Endymion," "Isabella," "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode on Melancholy," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Ode to Autumn."
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The Glass Menagerie
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Tom Wingfield financially supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a gentleman caller for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda.
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Prometheus Unbound (Shelly)
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Poem about a revolt of humans against a repressive society
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Don Juan
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Byron -- written in ottava rima ABABABCC; DJ is Byronic hero, typical brooding "bad guy", mocks many aspects of society, poetry, politics, philosophy, etc.
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infinitive phrase
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made up of "to" and the base form of a verb (to order, to abandon)
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participle
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verb form ending in (ing or ed) operates as an adjective (barking dog, painted fence)
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gerund
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a verb ending in "ing" that functions as a noun (gardening is my favorite activity)
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antecedent
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the noun to which the pronoun is refering
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adverb
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time place manner degree )tomorrow, there, exactly, degree) Ly words
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double speak
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language that is meant to be evasive or conceal (downsized = fired loss of job
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phonetics
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the study of sounds of language
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morphology
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The study of the structure of words
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semantics
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the study of the meaning in language, in language, study of meanings of words
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syntax
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the study of the structure of sentences, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences
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contemporary
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Miller's The Crucible, Miller's Death of the Salesman, Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye
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modern
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Mark Twain, London's White Fang, London's Call of the Wild, Frost's Nothing Gold Can Stay, The Road Not Taken, Joyce, T.S. Elliot- The Wasteland
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American (Harlem) renaissance
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Langston Hughes, Zora Neal Hurston, Countee Cullen, Emily Dickinson, Melville's Moby Dick, Walt WItman's O Captain my Captain
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Post Modernism
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Nietzsche, Orwell
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Victorian
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Dickens- Great Expectations, Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Charlotte Bronte- Jayne Eyre
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Nationalist (transindentalism)
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James COoper- The Last of the Mohicans, Pioneer prairie, Emmerson- Nature, THe over soul, Irving's Rip van winkle, the legend of sleepy hollow, Poe- THe raven, Longfellow
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Revolutionary
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Declaratoin of Independence, Jefferson
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Romantic period
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Keats, Percy shelly- prometheus unbound, Byron- Don Juan, Austen
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Elizabethian
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Shakespeare, Marlowe- Dr. Faustus, Spenser's - The Faerie Queen
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Middle English
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Chaucer, More's- Utopia, Malory's Le morte d' Arthur, shakespear- Everyman Politcal and religious unrest; Humanism and morality
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Great Expectations
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Tells the story of Pip, an English orphan who rises to wealth, deserts his true friends, and becomes humbled by his own arrogance. It also introduces one of the more colorful characters in literature: Miss Havasham.
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The Scarlet Letter
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Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece from mid 1800s about Hester Prynne who has affair w/ Dimmesdale (preacher) and has a baby w/ him. Deals w/ Puritan culture and Hawthorne's ties to Salem witch trials.
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Brave New World
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Looks to the year 2540, where society accepts promisc sex and drug (soma) use and science has made humanity carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. War and poverty no longer exist, and people are always happy. But these achievements have come by eliminating things from which people derive happiness —. Marx and Lenina are both from this artificial world where babies are made in factories, while John the Savage and Linda are from a Savage Reservation that still practice old ways.
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The Wasteland
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The (1922) T. S. Eliot's epic poem, depicting a world devoid of purpose or meaning.
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The Great Gatsby
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a self-made man (Gatsby) woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves
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Robinson Crusoe
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The hero of Daniel Defoe's novel is about a shipwrecked English sailor who survives on a small tropical island, A man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than twenty years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself., a novel written by Daniel Defoe about a sailor shipwrecked on an island
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Harriet Beecher Stowe
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United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896), wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Willa Cather
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United States writer who wrote about frontier life (1873-1947), wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors
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antithesis
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the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance
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fallacy
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a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning
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Beloved
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an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe
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sestina
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A type of fixed form poetry consisting of thirty-six lines of any length divided into six sestets and a three-line concluding stanza called an envoy. The six words at the end of the first sestet's lines must also appear at the ends of the other five sestets, in varying order. These six words must also appear in the envoy, where they often resonate important themes.
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masculine rhyme
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A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable
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feminine rhyme
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latter two syllables of first word rhyme with latter two syllables of second word (ceiling appealing)
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the sun also rises
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E. Hemingway. A powerful expose of the life and values of the Lost Generation. Jake Barnes is in love with Brett Ashley (a girl), but Barnes suffered an injury during World War I... Robert Cohn (Jewish outsider), Michael Campbell (Brett's fiance), Bill Gorton, Pedro Romero (star bullfighter of the fiesta.)
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The awakening
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Written by Kate Chopin in 1899. The Awakening portrays a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his views on women are as oppressive as her husband's. The novel reflects the changing role of women during the early 1900s.
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Sister Carrie
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Theodore Dreiser's novel; single woman who moved to city and worked in shoe factory but then turned to prostitution due to poverty
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orthography
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noun; the art or study of correct spelling according to established usage / the aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences with words / spelling
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comma splice
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two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma
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dangling modifier
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dangling modifiers have no noun or pronoun to modify, change the dangling modifier to an independent clause.
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imperitive sentence
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gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period
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alliteration
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use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse
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blank verse
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unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)
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apostrophe
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address to an absent or imaginary person or audience
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denouement
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the final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work
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survey, question, read, rehearse, review
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SQ3R Study Method
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etymology
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The history of a word.
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conditional sentence
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A sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.
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compound sentence
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A sentence composed of at least two independent clauses.
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complex sentence
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A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
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compound/complex sentence
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A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
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transitive verb
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A verb that has a direct object (object of the verb).
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intransitive verb
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A verb that does not have a direct object.
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perfect tense
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A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past.
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demonstrative pronouns
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Pronouns that point out people, places, or things without naming them.
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clause
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Has a subject and a predicate.
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prewriting
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Part 1 (Writing Process) gathering and selecting ideas; creating lists, researching, brainstorming, reading to discover, talking, and free-writing
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drafting
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Part 2 (Writing Process) Begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas...
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revising
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Part 3 (Writing Process) Re-Writing, re-seeing; Looking at the piece alone or with another; Examining meaning/sense, diction, voice, and organization
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editing
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Part 4 (Writing Process) Checking for style and conventions- Grammar
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publishing
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Part 5 (Writing Process) Sharing piece with larger audience
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evaluating
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Part 6 (Writing Process) Looking back, Critical Reviews, etc.
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MLA
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Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye (underlined). New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945
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APA
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Salinger, J.D. (1945). The Catcher in the Rye (italicized). New York: Little, Brown, and Company
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extended metaphor
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A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.
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appeal to authority
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A type of argument where an expert is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument.
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appeal to emotion
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A type of argument where the writer appeals to the reader's emotion to prove the argument.
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counterpoints
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The use of contrasting ideas to communicate a message (black/white, dark/light).
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William Gibson
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The Miracle Worker
