Praxis II: Content Knowledge of Elementary Education – Flashcards
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Concepts about print
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conventions of print, purpose of print, function of print, print awareness, sight vocabulary, phonemic awareness, alphabetic principle, social interaction, frequent experiences, prior knowledge or schema, motivation, fluency
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experiences that support emergent readers
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direct instruction, social interaction, shared reading, repeated reading, reader response, word walls, text innovation, shared writing. READING, WRITING SPEAKING, AND LISTENTING
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communication skills
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Picture writing, scribble writing, random letter, invented spelling
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spelling development
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scribble, pre-phonemic, early phonemic, letter name (one vowel), transitional, derivational (decode but not spell), conventional
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metaphor
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Literary device compare 2 things WITHOUT like or as
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Simile
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Literary device compare 2 things using like or as
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Hyperbole
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Literary device exaggerated expression "mile high ice cream cone"
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Oxymoron
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Literary device two contradictory words "jumbo shrimp"
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Euphemism
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Literary device substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term "she passed on" instead "she's dead"
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Dialect
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variety of language confined to a geographical region or group of people "suck da 'eads and eat da tails"
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Slang
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informal vocab yo!
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Jargon
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terminology specific to to an occupation or hobby
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Narration
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Fiction Genre tells story
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exposition
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Fiction Genre gives background info
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novel
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Fiction Genre fictional narration in prose
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epic
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Fiction Genre long narrative with great scope
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prose
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Fiction Genre ordinary language
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realistic fiction
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Fiction Genre accurately reflects life as it has been lived in the past or present
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fable
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Fiction Genre has a moral and teaches a lesson
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Myth
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Fiction Genre ancient belief, traditional stories, gods, heroes
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Arthurian legend
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Fiction Genre English legend
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folk tale
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Fiction Genre traditional stories and legends transmitted orally from gen to gen
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fairy tale
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Fiction Genre imaginary children's story
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allegory
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Fiction Genre figures and actions are symbols of general truth. Story that has a deeper or more general meaning in addition to its surface meaning.
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essay
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non-fiction genre
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Poem
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must have a verse: language intentionally different from ordinary speech or prose.
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iambic pentameter
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Poetic element first syllable not stressed 2nd syllable is
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onomatopoeia
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Poetic element words that sound like they mean "splash"
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alliteration
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Poetic element repetition of similar consonant sounds in a sequence of words "Betty bought a bit of butter"
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assonance
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Poetic element rhyme with same vowel sounds with different consonants. fake and lake=rhyme where as fate and lake=assonance
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Elegy
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Poetic form morns loss of someone who has died or something that is deteriorated
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Sonnet
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Poetic form 14 line poem
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Limerick
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Poetic form Funny 5 line story
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Haiku
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Poetic form 3 lines with 5 syllables on line one 7 on line two and 5 on line three
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resources
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dictionary, encyclopedia=articles of general knowledge, thesaurus, atlas, almanac=statistical data, internet=not always valid, books, newspaper or magazine=recent, Professional journals=expert, primary source=firsthand diary, letter,or original document
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compare and contrast
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pattern of expository writing compares (alike) and contrasts (differ) two subjects
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chronological sequence
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pattern of expository writing cues: first, second, then, next, finally, specific dates or times
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spatial sequence
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pattern of expository writing geometrical or geographical arrangement of ideas. Up, down, left, right, top, bottom, under, over etc. Might give reader small view of situation or person and as it develops the reader learns more and more
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cause and effect
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pattern of expository writing describe event(s) and identifies or implies the causal factors
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problem and solution
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pattern of expository writing describes a problem and then a solution
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Superlative adjectives
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adjectives that ends with -est : greatest, smallest, best, most wonderful
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comparative adjectives
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adjectives that ends with with -er : greater, smaller, better, more wonderful
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adverb
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modifies the verb often ends in -ly bad= adjective where as badly=adverb
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preposition
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about, to, off, up, on account of
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conjunction
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words that join words coordinating conjunction- and, but or, nor, for correlative conjunction always in pairs - either...or, both... and subordinating conjunction adverb clause "When I do this, I do that"
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Participial phrase
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removing his coat, Jack...
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pronoun-antecedent agreement
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"I did my best" as opposed to "I did our best" the pronoun agrees with it's antecedent in number and gender
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weak reference
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"We spent the day aboard a fishing boat, but we didn't catch a single one." one refers to fish but it wasn't mentioned in the sentence.
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Infinitives
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"To wait for the bus is tiresome" should be "Waiting for the bus is tiresome"
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context clues
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information from the immediate sentence, paragraph or surrounding words that help reader determine the meaning of an unknown word
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semantics
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The study of meaning in language.
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syntax
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sentence structure, or grammar
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decoding a word
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organizing ideas and generating quesitons by using clues such as context, semantic, or syntax.
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mercator map
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latitude and longitude are straight, destorting continents
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Robinson Map
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distorts poles
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azimuthal map
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think desktop globe
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Arab
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Arabic language, 2/3 of world's oil reserves, Islamic religion, not all Muslim
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Africa
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56 countries, second largest continent
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North Africa
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during the Cold War between US and Soviet Union, many northern African states received aid from Soviet Union, south Africa and central Africa received aid from US and France.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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located in Sahara desert
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Apartheid
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extreme racial segregation in Africa. Made it one of the most repressed nations during 1960-1980. In 1994 the first free election took place and Nelson Mandela became president with his party African National Congress
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Latin America
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free of colonial domination 1800's military governments rise 1950-1980 1980 and 1990's improvement of economy due to Cold war
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Mexico
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oligarchy= government ruled by a select few 31 states
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United States
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formed through Enlightenment ideals Declaration of Independence 1776
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Central America
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Strong ties with foreign nations due to export of goods. 66% mixed and 20% American Indian.
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Western Europe
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European Economic Community aka Common Market 1958 1972 Ireland joined and Denmark 1961 to form European Union
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Eastern Europe
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Warsaw Pact 1955: Bulgaria, Czech, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland Romania, and Soviet Union =disintegrated in 1991. Communism has been diminished greatly
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East Asia
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Post WWII modernization helped develop the nation
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Japan
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post WWII became unexpected powerhouse even though they lost the war, it became Asia's most powerful economy 1980=world's third most productive, income per capita among the world's highest and social services were top notched
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Taiwan and South Korea
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Both these societies were anticommunist, 1970's Taiwan began to truly democratize. South Korea remained authoritarian til 1989. Both have been US allies
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North Korea
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Post WWII Soviets and Americans divided the N and S Korea. North became communist. Kim Jong IL is a Stalinist. Economic collapse due to insistence to maintaining huge military and threaten mass starvation of its people. 2005 they announced they got nukes and they aren't talking to S Korea, China, US about disarming.
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China
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largest communist population in world. 1949-1976 Mao Tse Dong ruled 1958 Mao began "Great Leap Forward" caused rapid industrial buildup.eventually led to break down in industry. Famines resulted in 1959 and 1960 killing 15 million Chinese. 1978 Deng Xianoping takes over and growth happens
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India
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world's largest democracy and a nuclear power
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earthquakes
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form mountain ranges when plate techtonics collide
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Grand Canyon
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formed by glacial ice, snow, moving water, and wind erosion
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yosemite valley
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created by glaciers
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great lakes
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glaciers
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population trends in US in 19th and 20th century
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1619-1808, 500,000 African slaves 1780, 75% of US pop= English or Irish decent 1840-1860, famine in Europe + US 1845-1849, Irish potato famine+US 1848-1849 German Confederation Revolution+US 1861-1865 U.S. Civil War+recruits promised land for service about 20% soldiers were immigrants 1880-1925 waves of Jews + 2million to US prior to 1924 Asians were excluded 1943 Johnson-Reed Immigration Act repealed 1965 Limited Visas were granted. Pref on skilled labor 1990 all hemispheric quotas abolished and worldwide ceiling of 675,000 immigrants/year
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Trosposphere
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layer of atmospher closest to earth. where all the weather happens
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stratosphere
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layer of atmosphere where the Ozone layer is
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Mesosophere
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layer of the atmosphere that is the coldest -100 degrees celsius
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thermosphere
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highest layer of the atmosphere lower part called ionosphere has eletrically charged particles useful for transmitting radio waves upper part caled exosphere which extends into outer space
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Spring Equinox
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March 21st
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Summer Solstice
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June 21
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Fall Equinox
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September 22
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Winter Solstice
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December 21
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biome
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group of land ecosystems with similar climates and organisims
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man on the moon
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1969 Neil Armstrong
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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part of cell where cell substances are made
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Chromosomes
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part of cell that are withing the nucleus that carry gen code
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golgi bodies
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part of cell that assemble, release, and store chemicals
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ribosomes
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part of cell that make protiens
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cytoplasm
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part of cell that is the substance which holds all other parts in suspension in cell
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mitochondria
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part of cell that is the powerhouse of cell energy stored and released
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lyosomes
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part of cell that eats waste materials
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vacuoles
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part of plant cell that store water
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chloroplasts
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part of cell plant that contains chlorophyll which traps sunlight for photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis process
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1) CO2 and H2O broken down 2) sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll 3) CHOH=sugar=carbohydrates formed as energy 4)O2is given off into air CO2+H20 --SUNLIGHT--> CHOH+O2
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Weight
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force of Earth's gravity which pulls down on an object. Mass does not change on the moon but weight does as the gravitational pull is different than that of Earth's
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Density
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amount of mass packed into a given unit of volume
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viscosity
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the property of a liquid which describes how it pours
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pH scale
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pH less than 7=acids lower the pH the stronger the acid pH greater than 7= base up to 14 the water has a pH of 7 which is neutral
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Andes Mountain Tribe
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Inca
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Yucatain tribes
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Maya, Toltec, Aztec
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Erick Erikson
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Neo-Freudian who expanded description of personality development in each stage in his psychosocial theory
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
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Howard Gardner
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devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
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Abraham Maslow
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humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence
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Federal Reserve Bank
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one of 12 regional banks that monitor and act as depositories for banks in their region
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Federal Trade Commission
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Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigates complaints against companies
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Securities and Exchange Commission
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a governmental agency that was established in 1934 to protect investors in securities. It registers all securities, licenses brokers, hears complaints, and penalizes people or companies who dont follow the rules
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Diffraction
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the bending of waves around a barrier or through an opening
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Refraction
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the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another (think dessert road)
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Work =
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force x distance
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virus
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(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts
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Protozoa
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Single-celled organisms with the ability to move independently
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Morphological Analysis
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analyzing the stream of speech to discover and inventory its morphemes
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semantic relationships
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may not express relational meanings expected for age
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Syntactic structure
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the phrase structure of a SENTENCE specified by PHRASE - STRUCTURE RULES.
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phoneme-grapheme correspondence
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the relationship between a phoneme and its graphemic representation /s/ spelled as s in sit, c in city, ss in grass
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continental divide
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mountain ridge that separates river systems flowing toward opposite sides of a continent
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Fredinand Magellan
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first to circumnavigate the world; named Pacific ocean
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Hernan Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
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Juan Ponce De Leon
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Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountain of Youth"
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Florentine navigator who explored the coast of South America
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Vasco Da Gama
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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)
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Marco Polo
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Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
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Henry Hudson
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English navigator who discovered the Hudson River
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Articles of Confederation
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this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1777 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage
