PNB 2275 Practical – Flashcards

Polycythemia is a blood disease state that is expressed by a high density of red blood cells. Under the microscope, the blood has a many more red blood cells than normal blood. Another disease state of blood that we looked at was Sickle Cell Anemia. In this disease state, the shape of many red blood cells were deformed in a "C" shape.

the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood

One more condition that could be detected using the hematocrit is anemia. In this disease state, the blood would have a low hematocrit level because there would be a decrease in red blood cells and therefore the ratio of red blood cells to total blood would be smaller. Drinking high amounts of water is something that can lead to this decreased hematocrit level.

They do not overlap because the time between them is how long it takes for the blood to travel from your heart to the tip of your finger. Therefore, they cannot overlap because this is not an instantaneous process. Furthermore there is a delay in the electrical signaling.

Between 0 & 90 degrees

One structure that is dramatically different between the frog and mammalian heart is the ventricles. In a mammalian heart there are two ventricles that separate oxygenated from deoxygenated blood. However, in the frog heart there is only one ventricle that includes a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated. Another structural difference is the location of pacemaker cells. The pacemaker cells of a frog's heart originate in the SV node while a human heart has pacemaker cells in the SA and AV node.

The cold Ringer's decreased the contractile force of the heart by slowing the rate of calcium ion diffusion, and overall depolarization and repolarization in the heart.

Moderately high calcium is supposed to have the biggest effect on the force of contraction because calcium influx in the driving force for heart contraction. Therefore, increasing the amount of calcium will increase the heart rate more dramatically. In our results, high calcium levels have a greater percent change in contractile force so that matches what I expected. However, high potassium levels have a greater change in heart rate and that does not match what I expected.

Acetylcholine decreases heartrate and Isuprel increases heartrate.

Atropine blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In an ambulance, atropine would be beneficial if someone was going into bradycardia because by blocking the binding of acetylcholine to the receptor, parasympathetic process of decreasing heart rate will be prevented.

By decreasing the temperature of the sample, the results should have shown a left shift in the data compared to that of the regular Hb sample. However, our two data sets barely show any differences and therefore do not display this leftward shift. Due to our leaky pumps, we believe that our data was flawed because were not able to maintain the partial pressure of oxygen within the flask.

decreased, increased

An antigen is a foreign substance that induces the production of antibodies as an immune response. Antibodies bind to antigens and can therefore not be antigens.

A cell-mediated immune response involves the activation of phagocytes, T-lymphocytes and the release of other cytokines that assist in the destruction of infected cells. The humoral immune utilizes the production of antibodies to bind to the antigens within the body ultimately inactivating them.

The role of the complement in the immune repsonse is to bind to the antigen-antibody complex and initiate the lysis of the cell. This was observed in our lab as "plaques".

The spleen was used in the Hemolytic plaque assay because it is a secondary lymphoid organ which means it is a site for aggregation of mature immune system cells.

The indirect ELISA tests for antibodies while the direct ELISA tests for antigens

bone marrow & thymus

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

Direct

The conformational changes cause the other Hb subunits to bind O2 at higher affinity.

Delays the removal of Na and therefore preventing the cells from getting over-excited

lobules

plaque