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Two types of alveolar cells:

answer

Type I and type II

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Comprise 95%-97% of the total surface area of the lung

answer

Type I

question

Cells that gas exchange with blood occurs primarily through:

answer

Type I

question

Tracheotomy

answer

Surgically opening trachea

question

Tracheostomy

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Insertion of a tube into the trachea to permit breathing and insertion of a tube into the trachea to permit breathing and keep passageway open.

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Lung compliance

answer

The change in lung volume per change in transpulmonary pressure, expressed symbolically. A given transpulmonary pressure will cause greater or lesser expansion.

question

Pulmonary Fibrosis

answer

Infiltration of lung tissue with connective tissue proteins; decreases lung compliance

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Elasticity

answer

Tendency of a structure to return to its initial size after being distended.

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Pneumothorax

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As air enters the intrapleural space, the intrapleural pressure rises until it is equal to the atmospheric pressure

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Muscles between the bony portions of the ribcage

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External intercostal and internal intercostal (parasternal intercostals)

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Classifications of lung disorders

answer

Restrictive and obstructive

question

Restrictive lung disorders

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Vital capacity is reduced to below normal, but rate at which vital capacity can be forcibly exhaled is normal. ex) pulmonary fibrosis

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Obstructive lung disorders

answer

Vital capacity is normal because lung tissue isn't damaged, but expiration is more difficult and takes longer because bronchoconstriction increases resistance to airflow. ex) asthma

question

Tidal volume

answer

Quiet breathing; amount of air expired in each breath

question

Vital capacity

answer

Max. amount of air that can be exhaled after max. inhalation Equal to sum of IRS, TV, and ERV

question

Residual volume

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Volume of air you can't expire, even after max. forced expiration

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Functional residual capacity

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Sum of residual volume and ERS

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Asthma cause

answer

Inflammation

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Asthma symptoms

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Dyspnea, wheezing, and other symptoms are produced by obstruction of air flow through bronchioles that occurs in \"attacks\"

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Asthma

answer

Pulmonary constriction; increases airway resistance, which makes breathing difficult

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Asthma treatment

answer

Glucocorticoid drugs: inhibit inflammation Epinephrine stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors in bronchioles which promotes bronchodilation Used as inhaled spray

question

Emphysema

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Alveolar tissue is destroyed in a chronic, progressive condition.

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Emphysema results in ___ and ___ alveoli

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Fewer; larger Reduces surface area for gas exchange

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Loss of alveoli ___ ability of bronchioles to remain open during ___:

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Reduces; expiration

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Collapse of bronchioles as a result of compression of ___ during expiration produces ___ ____

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Expiration; air trapping

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Air-trapping

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Decreases efficiency of gas exchange

question

Most common cause of emphysema

answer

Direct and indirect cigarette smoke- causes release of inflammatory cytokines

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Chronic inflammation with narrowing of airways and destruction of alveolar walls

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COPD

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A cause of COPD

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Smoking

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Cigarette smoke contains over ___ foreign compounds and many ___ ___- including reactive oxygen species that promotes inflammation and activate ___ ____:

answer

2,000; free radicals; alveolar macrophages

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Pulmonary fibrosis

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Anthracosis produced by inhalation of carbon particles from coal dust

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Anthracosis

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Black lung

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Under certain conditions, lung damage can lead to ___ ___ rather than ___:

answer

Pulmonary fibrosis; emphysema

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Dalton's Law

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Total pressure of gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressures that each gas in mixture would exert independently

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Pulse Oximeter

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Measures oxyhemoglobin saturation; usually clips finger or pinna and gives readings of oxygen saturation and pulse rate

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Although breathing 100% oxygen at _ or _ atmospheres pressure can be safely tolerated for a few hours, higher is ___:

answer

1; 2; dangerous

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___ ___ may develop when Po2 ___ above 2.5 atmospheres pressure; this is caused by ___ of ___:

answer

Oxygen toxicity; rises; oxidation; enzymes

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

answer

Patient is given 100% oxygen gas at 2-3 atmospheric pressures to breath; helps kill anaerobic bacteria, wound healing, and reduce gas bubbles

question

4 targets of hyperbaric oxygen therapy

answer

Carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, severe traumatic injury (crush), and infections leading to gas gangrene

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Respiratory rhythm is generated by a loose ___ of ___ in ventroalteral region of the ___ ___, which forms ___ ___:

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Aggregation; neurons; medulla oblongata; rhythmicity center

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Rhythmicity Center

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Control of automatic breathing

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Apneustic center

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Promotes inspiration by stimulating the I neurons in medulla

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2 respiratory control centers in the pons:

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Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center

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Pneumotaxic center

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Antagonize apneustic center and inhibit inspiration

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Autonomic control of breathing is also controlled by input from ____:

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Chemoreceptors

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Chemoreceptors

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Collectively sensitive to changes in pH of brain interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, and Pco2 and Po2 of blood

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2 groups of chemoreceptors that respond to changes in pco2 and po2 :

answer

Central chemoreceptors- in medulla oblongata Peripheral chemoreceptors- in small nodules associated with aorta and carotid arteries, they receive blood via arterial branches

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If hypoventilation occurs, pco2 quickly ___ and pH ___

answer

Rises; falls

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During hyptoventilation, a fall in __ occurs because __ combines with __ to create ___ ___ which is weak and releases __ into solution:

answer

pH; co2; water; carbonic acid; H+

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Hyptoventilation; o2 content of blood isn't significantly __ by hyperventilation because ___ in arterial blood is 97% saturated with __ during normal ventilation:

answer

Increased; hemoglobin; o2

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Hypercapnia

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Results from hypoventilation causing increase in pco2

question

Hyperventilation results in:

answer

Hypocapnia (pH rising)

question

Aortic and carotid bodies aren't stimulated directly by blood co2, instead they are stimulated by a __ in __ concentration (fall in pH) of arterial blood:

answer

Rise; H+

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People who hyperventilate during psychological stress are told to:

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Breathe into a paper bag

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Why does breathing into a paper bag help hyperventilation?

answer

Rebreathing expired air that is saturated with co2, it helps raise blood pco2 back to normal, and relieves hypocapnia and stops hyperventilation

question

SIDS

answer

1 in 1,000 babies 2-5 months old Failure in respiratory control Babies should sleep on backs rather than stomachs, this has decreased cases by 50%

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Obstructive sleep apnea

answer

Cerebral vasodilation- morning headaches

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Carboxyhemoglobin

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Reduced heme is combined with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen

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Carboxyhemoglobin; bond with carbon monoxide is __ x stronger than with oxygen. Carbon monoxide tends to displace __ in ___ and remains attached:

answer

210; o2; hemoglobin

question

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

answer

Carboxyhemoglobin concentration >3% in nonsmokers or >10% in smokers Treated with hyperbaric o2 therapy- 100% o2 at more than 1.4 atmospheres pressure within hyperbaric chamber

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Hemoglobin __ is the major form of hemoglobin until 11 weeks after conception to week 38, when hemoglobin __ predominates

answer

F; A

question

___ derived from destroyed RBCs is converted into bile pigment ____, which is eliminated by fetus by transfer through ___. After birth, the fetal liver must eliminate ___ (through bile). Since it's not often developed enough, plasma levels of ___ rise causing ___ ___ ___. Put child under __ light- it converts ___ to more __ soluble form so ___ can eliminate it in ___:

answer

Heme; bilirubin; placenta; bilirubin; bilirubin; physiological neonatal jaundice; blue; bilirubin; water; kidneys; urine

Physiology 16

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