Physical Science P. 1-8 – Flashcards

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Physical science
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one of the oldest and largest branches of science, physical science is the systematic study of god's physical creation and how it works is divided into 2 major categories: chemistry and physics
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matter
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can be described as the substance of the physical world; anything that can be touched, tasted, or smelled, all physical objects and substances are composed of matter can also be defined as anything that has inertia
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inertia
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one of the most important attributes of matter. the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion, because of inertia, moving matter will retain it;s current speed and direction unless a force is applied, and stationary matter will remain stationary unless a force is applied
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force
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a push or a pull
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energy
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is the ability t do work, this means energy allows matter to change and cause changes, energy takes many forms including: light energy, thermal energy(energy from heat), mechanical energy (energy caused from motion or position), and electrical energy regardless of it's form, all energy can cause changes in matter
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physical properties
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a property of matter, changing this property does not change the type of matter, when the physical property of matter changes it undergoes a physical change
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physical change
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wen the physical property of matter changes
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mass
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an important physical property, it is the amount of matter in an object, can also be the amount of inertia an object has
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weight
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the amount of gravitational pull an object has, because gravity has different strengths in different places, weight can change when an object is moved from one place to another
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volume
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another important property of matter, is the amount of space matter takes up
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density
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(physical property) is how tightly packed matter is, usually this packing is to small to be directly observed without special instruments
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3 common states of matter
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solid, liquid, gas
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solid
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had a definite shape and volume
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liquid
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had a constant volume, but no definite shape
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gas
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varies in volume by contracting and expanding , and has no definite shape
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plasma
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the fourth stat of matter, is a special type of gas that exists at very high temperatures
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fluids
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gases and liquids are both fluids, matter that has no definite shape and can flow
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temperature
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the hotness or coldness of an object, it is an indirect measurement of an objects thermal energy, temperature affects several properties such as density and volume
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chemical change
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changes the type and identity of matter, this change occurs when two or more substances unite or break apart chemically after a chemical change occurs the new substance will have different chemical and physical properties from the original
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chemical properties
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determines the ability of a substance to undergo chemical changes
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physics
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the study of interactions between matter and energy aka "the foundational science" all other science fields depend on a proper understanding of physics
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branches of physics
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thermodynamics, mechanics, acoustics, electrostatics, electrodynamics, optics, and electronics
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mechanics
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the effects of forces on matter
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thermodynamics
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describes how heat moves and changes objects
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acoustics
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studies sound
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optics
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studies light
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electrodynamics, electronics, electrostatics
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study electricity and magnetism
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chemistry
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the other major branch of physical science the study of the composition and interactions of matter chemistry looks at what an object is made of and what forms of matter it takes has 5 major branches:organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and analytical chemistry
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organic chemistry
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describes and classifies the structure, composition, and physical and chemical properties of substances containing the element carbon
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inorganic chemistry
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describes and classifies the relationship between the structure, composition, and physical and chemical properties of substances; inorganic chemistry focuses on substances that do not contain carbon
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physical chemistry
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uses analytical chemistry and biochemistry
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scientific method
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3 steps OBSERVING(gathering facts) HYPOTHESIZING(suggesting explanations) EXPERIMENTING(testing explanations)
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observation
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careful measurement , organization of information (data), and extensive research until the observation of other scientists
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hypothesis
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tentative explanation to describe the process
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experiment
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an artificial situation, in which the scientist deliberately makes certain changes in the world about him and observes the consequences
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Aristotle
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(384-322 bc) ancient Greek philosepher applied keen insight to the study of nature, uncovering many important truths, unfortunately the did not test their ideas w/ experiments allowing false ideas to creep into their science Aristotle taught that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects
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Galileo Galilei
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(1500s) famous Italian scientist experimented with weights did scientists discover that neglecting air resistance all objects fall at the same rate
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theory
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when a hypothesis passes the test of many experiments and has the support of other scientists is called a theory some are stated in words and others stated in mathematical equations scientists formulate theories to explain many events that occur throughout the universe
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scientific law
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if a theory is verified by enough observations and experiments and stands the test of time it may become accepted as a scientific law
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predictions
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specific suggestions about the outcome of a particular process or the effect of a cause
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testability
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the ability to test a prediction, the ability to be accurately tested is generally considered a necessity for a good hypothesis or prediction
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repeatability
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just because a prediction seems to come true does not mean the hypothesis upon which it was based is true for a hypothesis to be proven, its predictions must be repeatable over many observations and experiments
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principle of causality
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(law of cause and effect) according to this law events observed in the universe have rational causes; the same cause will have the same effect discovering what causes produce what effects, scientists can understand how the universe works
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...
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the universe is lawful, orderly, and operates according to physical laws
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LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE
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scope, assumptions, bias, approximations
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scope of science
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limited to the study of matter and energy in the present
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assumptions
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science relies on assumptions
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bias
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human nature often leads one to see and believe what one wants to be true, not necessarily what is actually true
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approximation
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science can only provide approximate descriptions of how the world works
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non-sequitor
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it does not follow an error in which a conclusion is not a logical consequence of the evidence
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why study science
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leads man to glorify God, to use scientific knowledge to man's benefit
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