Physical Science chapters 1-4 vocabulary – Flashcards
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astronomy
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the study of the universe beyond Earth, including the sun, moon, planets, and stars
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biology
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life science
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technology
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the use of knowledge to solve a practical problem
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scientific method
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an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information
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observation
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information that you obtain through your senses
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hypothesis
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a proposed answer to a question
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manipulated variable
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the variable that causes a change in another
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responding variable
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the variable that changes in response tot he manipulated variable
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controlled experiment
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an experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time
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scientific theory
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a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results
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scientific law
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a statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature
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model
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a representation of an object or event
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scientific notation
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a way of expressing a value as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10
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length
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the straight-line distance between two points
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mass
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the quantity of matter in an object or sample
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volume
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the amount of space taken up by an object
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density
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the ratio of an object's mass to its volume
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conversion factor
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a ratio of equivalent measurements that is used to convert a quantity expressed in one unit to another unit
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precision
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a gauge of how exact a measurement is
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significant figures
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all the digits that are known in a measurement, plus the last digit that is estimated
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accuracy
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the closeness of a measurement to he actual value of what is being measured
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thermometer
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an instrument that measures temperature, or how hot an object is
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slope
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the ratio of a vertical change to the corresponding horizontal change
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direct proportion
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a relationship in which the ratio of two variables is constant
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inverse proportion
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a relationship in which the product of two variables is a constant
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pure substance
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simply a substance
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element
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a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pieces
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atom
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smallest particle of an element
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compound
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a substance that is made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances
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heterogeneous mixture
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the parts of the mixture are noticeably different from one another
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homogeneous mixture
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the substances are so evenly distributed that is difficult to distinguish one substance in the mixture from another
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solution
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the mixture that forms when a substance dissolves and forms a homogeneous mixture
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suspension
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a heterogeneous mixture that separates into layers over time
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colloid
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contains some particles that are intermediate in size between the small particles in a solution and larger particles in a suspension
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physical property
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any characteristic of a material that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substances in the material
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viscosity
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the tendency of a liquid to keep from flowing-its resistance to flowing
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conductivity
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a material's ability to allow heat to flow
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malleability
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a material's ability to be hammered without shattering
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melting point
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the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to liquid
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boiling point
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the temperature at which a substance boils
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filtration
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a process that separates materials based not he size of their particles
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distillation
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a process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points
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physical change
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when some of the properties of a material change, but the substances in the material remain the same
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chemical property
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any ability to produce a change in the composition of matter
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flammability
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a material's ability to burn in the presence of oxygen
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reactivity
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the property that describes how readily a substance combines chemically with other substances
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chemical change
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when a substance reacts and forms one or more new substances
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precipitate
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any solid that forms and separates from the liquid
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solid
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the state of matter in which materials have a definite shape and a definite volume
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liquid
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the state of matter in which materials have a definite volume but not a definite volume but not a definite shape
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gas
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the state of matter in which a material has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume
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kinetic energy
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the energy an object has due to its motion
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pressure
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the result of a force distributed over an area
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absolute zero
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this temperature is equal of 0 K on the Kelvin temperature scale
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Charles's law
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the law that states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are constant
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Boyle's law
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the law that states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature and the number of particles are constant
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phase change
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the reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another
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endothermic
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when a substance absorbs energy from its surroundings
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heat of fusion
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the amount of energy needed to change a solid into a liquid
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exothermic
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when a substance releases energy to its surroundings
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vaporization
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when a substance changes form a liquid to a gas
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heat of vaporization
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the amount of energy need to change a liquid into a gas
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evaporation
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the process that changes a substance from a liquid to a gas at temperature below the substance's boiling point
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vapor pressure
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the pressure caused by the collisions of this vapor and the walls of the container
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condensation
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the phase change in which a substance changes from a gas or vapor to a liquid
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sublimation
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the phase change in which a substance changes from a solid to a gas or vapor without changing to a liquid first
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deposition
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when a gas or vapor changes directly into a solid without first changing into a liquid
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nucleus
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a dense, positively charged mass located pin the center of the atom
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proton
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a positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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electron
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a negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in the space outside the nucleus
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neutron
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a neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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atomic number
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an element equals the number of protons in an atom of that element
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mass number
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an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of that atom
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isotopes
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atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers
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energy levels
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the possible energies that electrons in an atom can have
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electron cloud
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a visual model of the most likely locations for electrons in an atom
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orbital
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a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found
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electron configuration
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the arrangement of electrons in the orbital of an atom
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ground state
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when all the electrons in an atom have the lowest possible energies
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