Physical Geology Test 1 (GEOL 105) [NDSU] – Flashcards
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Olivines or Nesosilicates
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Silicate Mineral Sub-group with isolated tetrahedra linked by cations, O:Si ratio of 4:1, and representative minerals of Olivine and Garnet.
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Pyroxenes or Inosilicates
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Silicate Mineral Sub-group with single tetrahedral chains, an O:Si ratio of 3:1, and representative minerals of Augite.
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Ring Silicates or Cyclosilicates
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Silicate Mineral Sub-group with linked rings of tetrahedra, an O:Si ratio of 3:1, and representative minerals of Beryl and Tourmaline.
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Amphiboles or Inosilicates
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Silicate Mineral Sub-group with double tetrahedral chains, an O:Si ratio of 2.75:1, and representative minerals of Horneblende.
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Micas or Phyllosilicates
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Silicate Mineral Sub-group with 2D sheets of tetrahedra, an O:Si ratio of 2.5:1, and representative minerals of Biotite and Muscovite.
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Network Silicates or Tectosilicates
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Silicate Mineral Sub-group with a 3D tetrahedral network, an O:Si ratio of 2:1, and representative minerals of Quartz and Feldspars. Not ferromagnesian silicate because it won't break because of its strong covalent bonds.
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Native Elements
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M: representative minerals of Gold and Diamond.
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Oxides
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MxOy: representative minerals of Hematite and Magnetite. Bonding predominantly ionic.
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Sulfides
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Ms, MS2: representative minerals of Galena and Pyrite. Bonding dominantly covalent (some covalent/metallic hybrids).
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Carbonates
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MCO3: representative minerals of Calcite and Dolmite. Ionic solids/Ionic bonding.
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Sulfates
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MSO4: representative minerals of Gypsum and Anhydrite. Ionic solids/Ionic bonding.
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Halides
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M (Cl, F, I, Br): representative minerals of Halite and Fluorite. Ionic solids/Ionic bonding.
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Silicates
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SimOn: representative minerals of Quartz. Bonding within the tetrahedron is covalent (very strong).
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Felsic
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(Continental Crust) Phaneritic (intrusive) of Granite, and Aphanitic (extrusive) of Rhyolite.
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Andesitic or Intermediate
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Phaneric (intrusive) of Diorite, and Aphanitic (extrusive) of Andesite.
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Mafic
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(Ocean Crust) Phaneric (intrusive) of Gabbro, and Aphanitic (extrusive) Basalt.
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Ultramafic
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(Upper Mantle, ancient crust of the Earth) Phaneric (intrusive) of Dunite, and Aphanitic (extrusive) of Komatite.
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Volcanic Necks
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Resistant vent rocks left standing after erosion has removed the volcanic cone.
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Dike
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Tabular, discordant plutonic body that intrudes across strata.
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Sill
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Tabular, concordant plutonic body that intrudes between strata.
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Laccolith
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Lens or mushroom-shaped igneous body that intrusion forces overlying strata to arch upward like a zit.
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Batholiths or Plutons
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Largest intrusive body, frequently from the cores of mountain ranges, with surface exposures of 100's of km's.
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Stocks
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smaller protruding igneous bodies above a batholith.
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Shield Volcano
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Broad, slightly dome-shaped volcano, generally covers large areas, and produced by low intensity eruptions of large volumes of basaltic lava.
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Tuyas
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Extremely steep sided basaltic volcanoes erupted under ice.
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Cinder Cone
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Built mainly from ejected cinder and rock fragments (in single eruption), with steep slope angle and small size.
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Composite cone (stratovolcano)
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Large classic-shaped volcano composed of interbedded lava flows and pyroclastic debris. Most violent type of volcanic activity.
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Caldera
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Large bowl-shaped depressions within large cones, formed after violent eruptions empty a large portion of the magma chamber, and the volcano collapses in on itself.
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Volcanic Fissures
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Release more lava than anything else.
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Science
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A logical, systematic process of acquiring new knowledge and developing the context to understand it.
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Hypothesis
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A formalized scientific question based on observation and derived from existing knowledge in the field. Or a "model" of or tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon.
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Theory
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Undergoes extensive testing, survives extreme scrutiny by numerous other scientists, is compared to other hypotheses about the same phenomena, and remains the most valid and widely accepted explanation of the phenomena.
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Scientific Law
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A theory that is widely accepted by both scientists and the general public. Generally has a precise mathematical expression.
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Constructive Margin
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Divergent boundary, plate motions are away from divergent boundary, and new rock is created. (*Basin and Range, NV *Lake Victoria, E. Africa *Mid-Atlantic Range).
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Destructive Margin
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Convergent boundary, plate motions are toward the convergent boundary, and old rock is destroyed or "changed". New rock can be created. (*The Cascades, W. N. Africa *Aleutian Islands of Alaska *Himalayas).
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Conservative Margin
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Transform or Transverse fault boundary, limited and very localized effect on rocks, location of significant earthquake activity, and plates slide and grind past each other. (*San Andreas Fault).
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James Hutton
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Observations of modern/contemporary processes, "the father of scientific geology", sometimes he is referred to as "the man who found time." Asserts theories against the church. Created concept of Uniformitarianism.
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Catastrophism
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The earth was created almost instantaneously and any change since that time occurred in catastrophic events, usually floods and earthquakes.
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Uniformitarianism
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"The present is the key to the past." Geologic change occurs in imperceptibly small and slow steps over vast amounts of time.
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CC Patterson
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Publishes first geologic date from meteorite that accurately approximates the currently accepted age of Earth.
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4.55-4.57 Ga
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Approximate age of the Earth (Ga=billion years).
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Hadean
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[4.5-3.8 Ga]: Eon before a solid crust, still under construction; very high impact rate.
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Archean
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[3.8-2.5 Ga]: Eon where continental crust not differentiated; atmosphere not well oxygenated. Oldest rocks found then. "Ancient Time"
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Proterozoic
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[2.5-0.54 Ga]: Eon where atmosphere oxygenated, but essentially no fossils of complex life forms. "Before Life"
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Phanerozoic
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[0.54 Ga to present]: Eon with emergence of hard bodied macro-fossils. "Visible Life"
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Precambrian
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Era with blanket term for first 4 billion years (88%) of Earth history.
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Paleozoic
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[540-248 Ma]: Era of "Planet Ocean" - abundant fossils of marine creatures. "Ancient Life"
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Mesozoic
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[248-65 Ma]: Era of "The age of Reptiles and Dinosaurs." "Middle Life."
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Cenozoic
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[65 Ma-present]: Era of "the age of Mammals." "Recent Life."
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Physical Universe
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Composed of empty space (mostly), energy (dark energy), and matter (dark matter).
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Matter
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Physical substance of material, not empty space, not energy, physical property of rest mass, and has mass without being in motion.
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Dimitri Mendeleev
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Proposed periodic table of elements in 1865 when only 56 elements were known.
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Oxygen and Silicon
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What is the Earth's crust primarily made of?
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Minerals
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Naturally occurring, inorganic, solids, that have orderly internal arrangement of atoms (crystalline), and a definite chemical composition. NONE OF THE PROPERTIES ARE INDIVIDUALLY DIAGNOSTIC, they must be used together.
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Primary Diagnostic Properties of Minerals
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Crystal form, color, luster, streak, hardness (stronger bonds, the harder it is), cleavage and fracture, heft or specific gravity or density, acid reactivity, response to a magnetic field.
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Moh's
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The scale used by geologist to compare the hardness of different minerals.
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Cations
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Positively charged ions.
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Anions
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Negatively charged ions.
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Alkaline
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Which group has primarily ionic bonds?
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Aphanitic
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A solid mass of numerous fine crystals, cool at or near the surface, solidify relatively rapidly (in a geologic sense), and an example is Basalt.
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Porphyritic
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The igneous rock texture that exhibits 2 different crystal sizes, large phenocrysts in a fine-grained groundmass.
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Pegmatitic
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The igneous rock texture that has extremely large interlocking crystals, from in the late stages of solidification of a large and slow cooling plutonic magma body.
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Glassy
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"Frozen magma." The igneous rock texture that cools in the atmosphere or water, solidifying instantaneously, and with no time for crystals to assemble themselves. (Ex. Obsidian - used to make tools - gets really sharp edge)
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Vesicular
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"Spongy." The igneous rock texture where cavities formed by trapped gasses in a rapidly cooling magma. (Ex. Pumice - floats in water).
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Pyroclastic
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The igneous rock texture with angular fragments, rock particles of various sizes, generally within a fine grained matrix, and deposited from explosive volcanic eruptions. (Ex. Tuff).
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Phaneritic
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The igneous rock texture with a solid mass of numerous coarse crystals (ID minerals without a magnifying glass), cool well below the surface, insulated by overlying bedrock, and solidifying slowly. (Ex. Gabbro).
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Isotope
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Number of neutrons slightly different between the same element.
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Ionization state
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Number of electrons can tell this about something.
