Phonetics Exam 1 DK – Flashcards
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phonetics
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the study of the production and perception of speech sounds
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historical phonetics
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involves the study of sound changes in words
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physiological phonetics
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involves the study of the function of the speech organs during the process of speaking.
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acoustic phonetics
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focuses on the differences in the frequency, intensity, and duration of the various consonants and vowels.
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perceptual phonetics
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the study of a listener's psychoacoustic response (perception) of speech sounds in terms of loudness, pitch, perceived length, and quality.
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experimental phonetics
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involves the laboratory study of physiological, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics.
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clinical phonetics
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the study and transcription of aberrant speech behaviors, that is, those that very from what is considered to be "normal" speech.
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phonology
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the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language.
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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
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an alphabet used to represent the sounds of the world's languages; created to promote a universal method of phonetic transcription.
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graphemes
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Printed letters
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phonetic alphabet
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an alphabet that contains a separate letter for each individual sound in a language
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allographs
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differing letter sequences that represent the same phoneme
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digraphs
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pair of letters that represent one sound; the letters may be the same or different
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morpheme
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the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
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free morphemes
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a morpheme that can stand alone yet still carry meaning
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bound morphemes
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a morpheme that must be linked to another morpheme in order to convey meaning
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mean length of utterance (MLU)
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a measure of language behavior that indicates the number of morphemes per utterance a child is capable of producing
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phoneme
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a speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes
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minimal pairs / minimal contrasts
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a speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes
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distinctive features
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a subphonemic property used in the classification of the sounds of the world's languages
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place of articulation
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refers to the specific articulators employed in the production of a particular phoneme; the location of the constriction in the vocal tract in production of a consonant
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allophones
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variant production of a phoneme
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complementary distribution
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refers to allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment
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free variation
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refers to allophone production that is not tied to a particular phonetic environment
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systematic phonemic transcription
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phonemic transcription of an individual, used when the rules of a language are known; phonemic production is not recorded. Also referred to as broad transcription or phonetic transcription.
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diacritics
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a specialized phonetic symbol used in both systematic and impressionistic transcription to represent both allophone production as well as suprasegmental features of speech.
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systematic narrow transcription
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allophonic transcription of an individual, used when the rules of a language are known; also referred to as narrow transcription or allophonic transcription.
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impressionistic transcription
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allophonic transcription of an unknown speaker or an unknown language.
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syllable
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a basic unit of speech production and perception generally consisting of a segment of greatest acoustic energy (a peak, usually a vowel) and segments of lesser energy (troughs, usually consonants); a unit of speech consisting of an onset and/or a rhyme.
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onset
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all consonants preceding a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables contain an onset.
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rhyme
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a syllable segment consisting of an obligatory nucleus (usually a vowel) and an optional coda.
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coda
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the consonants that follow a vowel in any syllable; not all syllables have a coda
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nucleus
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the part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy; usually, but not always, a vowel.
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consonant cluster
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two or three contiguous consonants in a syllable, e.g., strike, please, and leapt
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syllabic consonants
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a consonant that serves as the nucleus of a syllable or word e.g., l, m, and n
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open syllables
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a syllable with a vowel phoneme in the final position
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closed syllables
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a syllable with a consonant phoneme in the final position
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word stress / lexical stress
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the production of a syllable with increased force or muscular energy, resulting in a syllable that is perceived as being louder, longer in duration, and higher in pitch; also known as word accent.
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thoracic cavity
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The part of the human body between the head/neck and the abdomen; the chest cavity.
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diaphragm
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the major muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax
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external intercostal muscles
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muscles located between the ribs that aid in inhalation; the internal intercostals are deep to the external intercostals.
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sternum
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the breast bone
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internal intercostal muscles
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muscles located between the ribs that aid in exhalation; the internal intercostals are deep to the external intercostals.
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trachea
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a tube, comprised of cartilaginous rings, embedded in muscle tissue, that connects the lungs with the larynx; windpipe.
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larynx
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cartilaginous and muscular structure that houses the vocal folds; responsible for phonation.
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hyoid bone
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a "floating bone" that provides structural support for the larynx; it attaches inferiorly to the larynx by a broad curtain like ligament and superiorly to the tongue by muscle tissue.
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vocal folds
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elastic folds of tissue, primarily composed of muscle; the vocal cords.
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thyroid cartilage
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the most anterior cartilage of the larynx to which the vocal folds attach; the notch of the thyroid cartilage forms the "Adam's Apple".
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arytenoid cartilages
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paired cartilages of the larynx that attach to the superior portion of the cricoid cartilage; each vocal fold attaches to one arytenoid cartilage.
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cricoid cartilage
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the posterior cartilage of the larynx, shaped like a signet ring
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glottis
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the area between the vocal folds when abducted
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subglottal pressure
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the air pressure applied to the inferior surface of the vocal folds (glottis); the air pressure (from the lungs) necessary to blow the vocal folds apart.
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Bernoulli effect
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a drop in air pressure, created by an increase in airflow through a constriction; helps to explain, in part, vocal fold adduction.
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phonation
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the vibration of the vocal folds in creation of a voiced sound
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voiced
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a sound produced with vocal fold vibration
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voiceless
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a sound produced without vocal fold vibration
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abduction
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coming apart
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adduction
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coming together
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fundamental frequency
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the basic rate of vibration of the vocal folds
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habitual pitch
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the inherent fundamental frequency of a given individual
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epiglottis
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a cartilaginous structure that protects the larynx from food and drink during swallowing
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pharynx
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a muscular tube-like structure that connects the larynx and the oral cavity; the throat
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vocal tract
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the network consisting of the larynx, pharynx, and the oral and nasal cavities
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eustachian tubes
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a tube, composed of cartilage and bone, which connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear; important for equalization of changes in air pressure an in drainage of middle ear fluids.
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nares
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the nostrils
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articulation
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modification of the airstream by the speech organs in production of spoken language
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maxilla
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upper jaw
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mandible
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lower jaw
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labial / bilabial
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referring to the lips; a consonant produced with a constriction formed at the lips, e.g., /p, b, m, and w/.
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central incisors
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any of the four front teeth, located in both the upper and lower jaws
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labiodental
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a consonant produced with a constriction formed by the lower lip and upper central incisors, e.g., /f and v/.
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dental / interdental
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referring to the teeth; a consonant produced with a constriction formed by the tongue apex and the teeth
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alveolar ridge
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the gum ridge of the maxilla located directly behind the upper front teeth.
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alveolar
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referring to the alveolar ridge; a consonant produced with a contriction formed by the tongue apex or blade and the alveolar ridge, e.g., /t, d, n, s, z, and l/.
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hard palate
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the structure known as the "roof of the mouth" that separates the oral and nasal cavities.
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palatal
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referring to the hard palate; a consonant produced with a constriction formed by the tongue blade and the hard palate
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velar
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referring to the soft palate (velum); a consonant produced with a constriction formed by the back of the tongue and the velum.
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uvula
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the rounded, tablike structure located at the posterior tip of the velum.
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velopharyngeal closure
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a constriction formed by the velum and the rear wall of the pharynx, resulting in a diversion of the airstream in to the oral cavity.
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glottal
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referring to the glottis; a phoneme produced with a constriction formed at the level of the vocal folds. E.g., /h/
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lingual
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referring to the tongue; a consonant produced with the tongue as the major articulator
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root
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the portion of the tongue that attaches to the anterior wall of the pharynx and to the mandible
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apex
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the tip of the tongue
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blade
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the part of the tongue located just posterior to the tip
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dorsum
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The entire tongue body is sometimes referred to as the dorsum. It is comprised of both the front and the back.
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resonance
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the vibratory properties of any sound-producing body.
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quality
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the perceptual character of a sound based on its acoustic resonance patterns; timbre
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timbre
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Another synonym for sound quality
