PHLT 305 Exam #1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
answer
Epidemic
question
An epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people." Example: the 1918 influenza pandemic (Spanish Flu)
answer
Pandemic
question
is concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. Epidemiologic studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations
answer
Epidemiology
question
All the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together
answer
Population
question
the occurrence of health and disease in the population
answer
The focus of epidemiology
question
The occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others.
answer
Distribution
question
Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic." Example: biologic agents
answer
Determinants
question
which pertain either to contact with a disease-causing factor or to the amount of the factor that impinges upon a group or individuals.
answer
Exposures
question
All the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor
answer
Outcomes
question
illnesses due to a specific disease or health condition
answer
Morbidity
question
death (e.g., death from various causes)
answer
Mortality
question
Refers to counting the cases of illness or other health outcomes
answer
Quantification
question
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
answer
Three types of prevention
question
Primary: before the disease occurs (Creation of a healthful environment, implementation of health education programs)
answer
Primary
question
during progression of the disease (Cancer screenings, early detection of other chronic diseases)
answer
Secondary
question
during later stages of the disease (Programs that restore the patients optimal functioning: physical therapy)
answer
Tertiary
question
1.)Use of the interdisciplinary approach 2.)Use of the scientific method 3.)Enhancement of critical thinking ability 4.)Use of quantitative and computer methods 5.)Communication skills 6.)Inculcation of aesthetic values
answer
Skills acquired through training in epidemiology
question
meaning it uses information from many fields including: -Mathematics and bio-statistics -History -Sociology -Demography and geography -Behavioral sciences -Law
answer
Epidemiology is an interdisciplinary science
question
capitalizes upon naturally occurring situations in order to study the occurrence of disease.
answer
Epidemiology is an observational science
question
refers to epidemiologic studies concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population.
answer
Descriptive Epidemiology
question
examines causal (etiologic) hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions.
answer
Analytic epidemiology
question
was one of the founders of the field of toxicology. His contributions include: -The dose-response relationship -The notion of target organ specificity of chemicals
answer
Paracelsus
question
-First to employ quantitative methods -Known as the Columbus of statistics
answer
John Graunt
question
regarded as the founder of the field of occupational medicine.
answer
Ramazzini
question
is thought to be the first person to describe an environmental cause of cancer.
answer
Sir Percival Pott
question
developed a method for smallpox vaccination in 1796.
answer
Edward Jenner
question
disease was transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth.
answer
miasmatic theory of disease
question
-Appointed "Compiler of Abstracts" in England, 1839 -Developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions -Examined possible linkage between mortality rates and population density
answer
William Farr
question
postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease.
answer
Robert Koch
question
1.)The organism must be observed in every case of the disease. 2.)It must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3.)The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease. 4.)The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal.
answer
Koch's Postulates
question
discovered the anti-microbial properties of the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928.
answer
Alexander Fleming
question
-Historical -Community health -Health services -Risk assessment -Disease causality
answer
Uses of Epidemiology
question
documents the patterns, types, and causes of morbidity and mortality over time.
answer
Historical use
question
Describes a shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
answer
Epidemiological transition
question
a shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates in developed countries.
answer
Demographic transition
question
To diagnose the health of the community and the condition of the people, to measure the true dimensions and distribution of ill-health in terms of incidence, prevalence, disability and mortality
answer
Community health use
question
To study the working of health services with a view to their improvement
answer
Health services use
question
a type of study of the placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of such services
answer
operations research
question
Refers to a method of reducing healthcare costs by providing integrated care for chronic conditions.
answer
Disease management
question
To estimate from the group experience what are the individual risks on average of disease, accident and defect, and the chances of avoiding them
answer
Risk assessment use
question
The probability that an event will occur
answer
Risk
question
an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome.
answer
Risk factor
question
a methodology used to provide quantitative measurements of risk to health.
answer
Risk assessment
question
To search for causes of health and disease by computing the experience of groups defined by their composition, inheritance and experience, their behaviour [sic] and environments." (one of the most important uses of epidemiology)
answer
Disease Causality use
question
norms for conduct that distinguish between ... acceptable and unacceptable behavior."
answer
Ethics
question
-Promotes the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error -Promotes values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness -Helps to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public -Helps build public support for research -Promotes a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and health and safety
answer
Ethics in research
question
Developed by ACE -Minimizing risks and protecting the welfare of research subjects -Obtaining the informed consent of participants -Submitting proposed studies for ethical review -Maintaining public trust [Meeting] obligations to communities
answer
Ethcs Guidelines
question
the review of data for accuracy and completeness
answer
Data cleaning
question
how true your results are
answer
Validity
question
Used to summarize key aspects of the data set Types of graphs: -Bar chart -Line graph -Pie chart
answer
Graphical presentation
question
shows the frequency of cases for categories of a categorical variable such as a yes/no variable
answer
Bar chart
question
similar chart used for continuous variables
answer
Histogram
question
discrete: clear separation between the two
answer
Categorical variable
question
A variable that could have an infinite number of values along a continuum
answer
continuous variable
question
used to display trends
answer
Line graph
question
shows the proportion of cases according to several categories -Useful to look at relative contribution
answer
Pie chart
question
The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another Examples are: -Rates -Proportions -Percentages -Number of students V faculty
answer
Ratio
question
A type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator
answer
proportion
question
A proportion that has been multiplied by 100.
answer
Percentage
question
a rate differs from a proportion because the denominator involves a measure of time.
answer
rate
question
-the frequency of a disease or condition -associations between exposures and health outcomes -strength of the relationship between an exposure and a health outcome
answer
Epidemiologic measures provide the following types of information
question
useful in epidemiology to characterize the occurrence of disease, morbidity, and mortality in populations.
answer
Quantitative terms
question
Counts (a number) Incidence (number of new cases) Prevalence (number of total cases)
answer
Quantitative terms include
question
Refers to the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied.
answer
Count
question
Refers to the occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation (e.g., a week, month, year, or other time period) in a specified population.
answer
Incidence
question
The members of the population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied
answer
Population at risk
question
A rate formed by dividing the number of new cases that occur during a time period by the number of individuals in the population at risk
answer
Incidence rate
question
The number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time. -The burden of a disease on a population -Variations: --Point prevalence (at this point in time) --Period prevalence (over a period of time) Lifetime prevalence
answer
Prevalence
question
All cases of a disease, health condition, or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population from which the cases are derived
answer
Point prevalence
question
All cases of a disease within a period of time
answer
Period prevalence
question
Cases diagnosed at any time during the person's lifetime
answer
Lifetime Prevalence
question
-Increase in incidence -Longer duration of the case -In-migration of cases -Prolongation of life of patients without a cure
answer
Factors that cause prevalence to increase
question
-Decrease in incidence -Shorter duration of disease -In-migration of healthy people -Improved cure rate of disease
answer
Factors that cause prevalence to decrease
question
-Crude rates -Specific rates -Adjusted rates
answer
Three categories of rates
question
A type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as the demographic make-up of the population that may affect the observed rate
answer
Crude rate
question
a type of crude rate. -Can be expressed in terms of any unit size of a population that is convenient. --For example, infant mortality is expressed per 1,000 live births.
answer
Crude death rate
question
The population from which cases of a disease have been taken
answer
Reference population
question
The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease
answer
Case fatality rate (CFR)
question
The number of deaths within a population due to a specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in the population
answer
Proportional mortality rate (PMR)
question
Breaking a crude rate into categories -Three examples of specific rates are: --Cause-specific rates --Age-specific rates --Sex-specific rates
answer
Specific rates
question
A measure that refers to mortality (or frequency of a given disease) divided by the population size at the midpoint of a time period times a multiplier
answer
Cause specific rate
question
The number of cases per age group of population during a specified time period
answer
Age specific rate
question
The frequency of a disease in a gender group divided by the total number of persons within that gender group during a time period times a multiplier
answer
Sex specific rate
question
A rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations by removing the effect of differences in the composition of various populations -fictional rates that allow for comparisons
answer
Adjusted rate
