question

The term personality comes from the word persona, meaning a theatrical __________________.

answer

Mask

question

Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent _____________________, dispositions, or characteristics within an individual that give some measure of consistency to that person's behavior.

answer

traits

question

A ___________________ is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.

answer

theory

question

Theories are most closely related to _________________________, the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge.

answer

epistemology

question

The field of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses is called _______________________.

answer

Science

question

A _________________________ is a classification of things according to their natural relationships.

answer

taxonomy

question

A hypothesis is often defined as an ___________________ guess.

answer

educated guess

question

The psychology of _______________________ is a subdiscipline of psychology that studies the personal traits of scientists.

answer

science

question

A useful theory must be _____________________, which means that research must be able to either confirm or disconfirm its major tenets.

answer

falsifiable

question

The law of parsimony states that the ______________________ of two theories is preferred.

answer

Simpler

question

The most important function of a ___________________ is to generate research.

answer

theory

question

An _________________ definition is one that defines concepts and units in terms of specific operations.

answer

operational

question

Teleology is an explanation of behavior in terms of _______________________ goals.

answer

future

question

A reliable test will yield ___________________ results.

answer

Reliable

question

A test that measures what it is supposed to measure is said to be ___________________.

answer

valid

question

Useful theories are founded on both speculation and scientific evidence.

answer

True

question

The word personality comes from the Latin persona, meaning a mask or facade.

answer

True

question

Personality refers mostly to those characteristics that a person projects to the rest of the world.

answer

False

question

The terms theory and hypothesis are synonymous.

answer

False

question

Philosophy is a broader term than theory.

answer

True

question

The terms theory and educated guess are used interchangeably by scientists.

answer

False

question

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of knowledge.

answer

True

question

Science is the branch of study concerned with observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws.

answer

True

question

Theories should be viewed as impractical but interesting speculations.

answer

False

question

Theory is a broader term than hypothesis.

answer

True

question

Taxonomies are dynamic and generate a multitude of hypotheses.

answer

False

question

A useful theory should generate multiple hypotheses.

answer

True

question

A cyclic relationship should exist between theory and observation.

answer

True

question

The psychology of science studies personal traits of personality theorists.

answer

False

question

A useful theory of personality should be falsifiable.

answer

True

question

Personality theorists should avoid being influenced by their own personalities and backgrounds.

answer

False

question

The psychology of science investigates ways in which personal characteristics of scientists influence scientific theory and research.

answer

True

question

The value of a theory rests mostly on the personal characteristics of the theorist who developed it.

answer

False

question

If a theory is falsifiable, it has been proven false.

answer

False

question

Personality tests may be reliable yet lack validity.

answer

True

question

The word personality comes from "persona," which originally meant

answer

theatrical mask.

question

Psychologists are most likely to agree that

answer

none of the above.

question

A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to human behavior is called

answer

personality.

question

Which term should be most closely associated with the word theory?

answer

science

question

A theory can be defined as

answer

a set of related assumptions that generate testable hypotheses.

question

Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and hypothesis?

answer

A single theory may generate several hypotheses.

question

A hypothesis is best defined as

answer

an educated guess or prediction.

question

Taxonomies are

answer

systems for classifying data.

question

What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?

answer

Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may alter the original theory.

question

The ultimate value of a theory is its

answer

usefulness.

question

A theory should be open to disconfirmation. This refers to the theory's ability to

answer

be falsified.

question

A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a

answer

theory.

question

The subdiscipline of psychology that looks at the personal traits of scientists is called

answer

psychology of science.

question

Although scientists are influenced by their personal characteristics, the usefulness of their work is

answer

judged by their scientific product.

question

A useful theory should

answer

serve as a guide to action, organize observations, and generate research.

question

An internally consistent theory

answer

includes operational definitions of its terms.

question

A theory that is as simple as possible is

answer

parsimonious.

question

An explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes is

answer

teleological.

question

A test that yields consistent results is said to be

answer

reliable.

question

A valid test

answer

is also reliable.

question

Define theory and show its relationship with (a) philosophy, (b) speculation, (c) hypothesis, and (d) taxonomy.

answer

...

question

Explain the interaction among theory, hypotheses, and observations.

answer

...

question

List six criteria of a useful theory.

answer

...

question

List and discuss the six dimensions for a concept of humanity discussed by the authors.

answer

...

question

Define reliability and validity and discuss at least two types of each.

answer

...

question

As a young man, Freud harbored a strong wish to make a great discovery and thus to become famous. One such attempt involved the anesthetic properties of the drug __________________.

answer

cocaine

question

When Freud abandoned the ________________ theory, he dramatically changed the course of psychoanalysis.

answer

seduction

question

Freud's heavy emphasis on _______________ motivation allows for opposing explanations for the same observation.

answer

unconscious

question

Freud believed that our _________________ endowment, or inherited unconscious images, sometimes influences our behavior.

answer

phylogenetic

question

Unconscious images may become __________________ after being distorted, disguised, or otherwise transformed.

answer

conscious

question

The _______________ serves the pleasure principle.

answer

id

question

The superego has two parts, the _______________ and the conscience.

answer

ego-ideal

question

A _______________ receives sexual pleasure from inflicting pain on other people.

answer

sadist

question

According to Freud, the two great instincts are sex and ---------------------------.

answer

agression

question

Moral anxiety results from the ego's relationship with the __________________________.

answer

superego

question

Defense mechanisms protect the ego against the pain of __________________________.

answer

anxiety

question

A ________________ formation is marked by the repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite.

answer

reaction

question

The defense mechanism whereby a person redirects unwanted urges onto another person or object is called _________________.

answer

displacement

question

The defense that involves the repression of the sexual instinct and the substitution of cultural or social accomplishments is called ________________________.

answer

sublimation

question

The infantile stage is divided into three substages: oral, _____________________, and phallic.

answer

anal

question

According to Freud, the _________________ stage may lead to compulsive neatness, obstinacy, and miserliness in some people. 17

answer

anal

question

Freud believed that ______________________ differences are responsible for different psychosexual development in boys and girls during the phallic stage.

answer

anatomical (biological)

question

The castration complex takes the form of ______________________ for girls.

answer

penis envy

question

The castration complex takes the form of ________________________ for boys.

answer

castration anxiety

question

The proper resolution of the __________________________ results in the emergence of a mature superego for boys.

answer

Oedipus Complex

question

Psychoanalytic doctrine is based in part on Freud's analysis of his own dreams.

answer

True

question

Freud regarded himself mostly as a philosopher.

answer

False

question

Freud's data were based mostly on experimental investigation.

answer

False

question

Freud's lifelong friendship with Carl Jung greatly influenced the final shape of psychoanalysis.

answer

False

question

Unlike many of his other theories, Freud's famous seduction theory was one he never changed.

answer

False

question

Freud believed that people are motivated mostly by unconscious urges.

answer

True

question

Ideas that are not conscious but that can become so quite easily are said by Freud to belong to the preconscious.

answer

True

question

The superego serves the idealistic and moralistic principles.

answer

True

question

Psychoanalysis rests on two great instincts or drives: sex and hunger.

answer

False

question

The aim of an instinct is to seek pleasure.

answer

True

question

Neurotic anxiety stems from the ego's dependence on the id.

answer

True

question

Defense mechanisms defend the id against anxiety.

answer

False

question

Repressions are the most basic of the defense mechanisms because they underlie all other defense mechanisms.

answer

True

question

The permanent attachment of libido onto an earlier stage of development best describes the defense mechanism of fixation.

answer

True

question

Sublimations often benefit society.

answer

True

question

The principal source of frustration during the oral period is weaning.

answer

True

question

For boys, the Oedipus complex occurs prior to the castration complex.

answer

True

question

For girls, the Oedipus complex occurs prior to the castration complex. 20

answer

False

question

During the 1880's, Freud's practice of psychotherapy was much more passive than it would become decades later.

answer

False

question

Freud's theory rates high on falsifiability.

answer

False

question

The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are

answer

sex and aggression.

question

Freud began his self-analysis shortly after

answer

his father died.

question

As a youth and young man, Freud was strongly motivated to

answer

win fame by making a great discovery.

question

What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the id?

answer

rider and horse

question

The id serves the __________ principle.

answer

pleasure

question

Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with the external world?

answer

id and superego

question

Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?

answer

sadism

question

A masochist receives sexual pleasure from

answer

receiving pain inflicted by others.

question

Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals

answer

erogenous zones.

question

The guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called ________ anxiety.

answer

moral

question

According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the

answer

ego.

question

Defense mechanisms protect the ego against

answer

anxiety. 24

question

In Freudian theory, anxiety

answer

triggers repression.

question

After a drive or image has been repressed, it

answer

may remain unchanged in the unconscious, could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged form, or could be expressed in a disguised or distorted form.

question

With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated expression.

answer

reaction formation

question

A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return to a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a

answer

regression.

question

Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher's lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of

answer

introjection.

question

This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefit to society.

answer

sublimation 26

question

To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is

answer

infancy.

question

The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT

answer

aggressiveness.

question

Freud believed that differences between boys and girls in psychosexual development are due to

answer

anatomy.

question

For boys, the castration complex

answer

shatters the Oedipus complex.

question

For girls, the castration complex

answer

takes the form of penis envy.

question

For boys,

answer

the Oedipus complex comes before the castration complex, the castration complex takes the form of castration anxiety, and the Oedipus complex is solved when they identify with their father—at around age 5 or 6

question

Freud believed that, with few exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams is an expression of

answer

wish-fulfillments.

question

Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.

answer

free association

question

During the past dozen or so years, psychoanalysis has received most research support from

answer

religion.

question

List several personal qualities of Freud that contributed to his psychoanalytic theories.

answer

...

question

Explain how the three levels of mental life relate to the three provinces of the mind.

answer

...

question

List and briefly describe at least eight Freudian defense mechanisms.

answer

...

question

Compare and contrast the course of development for both the male and the female Oedipus complexes.

answer

...

question

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory.

answer

...

question

Discuss recent neuroscience research as it relates to Freud's theory.

answer

...

question

During the time that Freud and Adler were members of the Wednesday Psychological Society,_____

answer

None of these is correct.

question

Adler believed that social interest

answer

All these are correct.

question

Unlike Freud, Adler believed that

answer

narcissism is a form of neurosis.

question

Jade is a 20-year-old college junior who "checks in" daily with her out-of-state mother by e-mail or telephone. Jade, who makes no decisions without consulting her mother, is a pre-med major because her mother insists that she become a doctor. Adler would see Jade's relationship with her mother as a ________ one.

answer

parasitic

question

Adler's notion of moving backward is similar to Freud's notion of

answer

Regression

question

Adlerians believe that if style of life changes, early recollections

answer

also can change

question

According to Adler, children who feel pampered

answer

are usually neglected by their parents

question

The night before Adler made his first trip to the United States, he dreamed that

answer

his ship capsized and that he had to swim courageously to safety.

question

According to Adler, unconscious thoughts and behaviors are

answer

not clearly understood by the individual

question

According to Adler, the goal toward which a psychologically healthy person strives is

answer

fictional, with no objective existence.

question

Although similar to Freud's defense mechanisms, Adler's concept of safeguarding tendencies differs in several respects. One difference is that safeguarding tendencies are

answer

sometimes conscious

question

Adler's earliest memories concerned

answer

comparisons with his older and healthier brother.

question

Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person's

answer

underdeveloped social interest.

question

According to Adler, two commonly used safeguarding tendencies are excuses and aggression. A third is

answer

withdrawal.

question

Adler's break with Freud was due to the fact that

answer

Adler could not accept Freud's strong emphasis on sexual factors as motivators of behavior.

question

Adler refers to the overemphasis on the importance of being manly as the

answer

masculine protest.

question

Adler borrowed his ideas on fictionalism from

answer

Hans Vaihinger.

question

Jared develops tension headaches while trying to meet a deadline at work. This tactic allows him to escape responsibility for meeting the deadline and to receive sympathy from his boss and coworkers. According to Adler, Jared's headaches are examples of

answer

an organ dialect

question

Although Adler's theory is optimistic, it can be criticized for its

answer

inability to be falsified.

question

Vacillating, procrastinating, or behaving compulsively are examples of which Adlerian safeguarding tendency?

answer

hesitating

question

Adler believed that behavior and personality are shaped by

answer

subjective perceptions

question

Adler felt that every individual is striving to reach the same goal of

answer

superiority or success.

question

Adler said that the usefulness or uselessness of all human activity should be seen from the point of view of

answer

social interest.

question

Adlerian safeguarding tendencies protect _______ against public disgrace and loss of self-esteem.

answer

superiority feelings

question

According to Adler, social interest is strongest in people who strive for

answer

success.

question

Social interest

answer

exists in every individual to some degree

question

The most important factor for the child in Adler's family constellation is

answer

subjective perception of self and environment.

question

Unlike other psychiatrists of his time, Adler treated

answer

large numbers of middle- and lower-class patients.

question

Adler referred to ideas that have no real existence yet influence people as if they really existed as

answer

fictions.

question

Adler first postulated the aggressive drive and the will to power as the fundamental motivations that shape human personality. He later extended his view to include the

answer

striving for success.

question

According to Adler, _______ is the bond that holds society together.

answer

social interest

question

In response to World War I, Adler

answer

changed his theoretical views.

question

Teleology

answer

is the doctrine that motivation must be considered according to its final purpose or aim.

question

A unique aspect of early Adlerian therapy was

answer

treating children in front of an audience.

question

Adler's concept of standing still is similar to Freud's concept of

answer

fixation.

question

Adler believed that the dynamic force motivating all human activity is

answer

the striving for success.

question

One of Adler's strongest beliefs was in

answer

equality of the sexes.

question

Adler believed that maladjusted people

answer

set their goals too high.

question

From an Adlerian perspective,

answer

inconsistent behavior serves a single purpose.

question

As a dynamic concept, Adler's notion of creative power implies

answer

movement.

question

According to Adler, the behavior of psychologically healthy individuals is

answer

motivated mostly by conscious goals and drives.

question

Adler maintained that social interest is

answer

inborn, but brought to expression through experience.

question

Adler believed that dreams

answer

provide clues to solve future problems.

question

Adler held that children who received love and affection from their parents typically develop

answer

strong social interest.

question

Unlike Freud's psychoanalysis, Adler's individual psychology assumed that

answer

people are mostly responsible for their personalities.

question

Adler said that all humans are "blessed" at birth with

answer

small, weak, incomplete, inferior bodies.

question

Adler hypothesized that early recollections

answer

are shaped by one's present style of life

question

Adler believed that the typical secondborn child

answer

develops moderate competitiveness.

question

Adler's notion of the masculine protest

answer

is a reaction to feelings of inferiority.

question

Adler used the therapeutic relationship to

answer

increase sense of social interest.

question

According to Adler's theory of abnormal development, the goals of neurotic people

answer

are overcompensations for exaggerated feelings of inferiority.

question

The "sole criterion of human values", Adler said, is

answer

social interest.

question

Adler believed that early recollections

answer

yield clues to understanding style of life.

question

According to Adler, organ inferiorities

answer

are important as they stimulate feelings of inferiority.

question

According to Adler, _____ is the most reliable means of revealing style of life.

answer

early recollections

question

Adler would see an individual's inconsistent behavior as

answer

a person's attempt to strive for superiority.

question

According to Adler, ______ is the "barometer of normality".

answer

social interest

question

Adler believed that people strive for superiority

answer

in order to compensate for feelings of inferiority.

question

Adler's concern for the whole person led to his

answer

studying psychiatry

question

Adler's concept of humanity is most accurately summarized in which phrase?

answer

People are motivated by their goals for the future.

question

Firstborn children, according to Adler, are likely to

answer

have intensified feelings of power and superiority.

question

Which of the following statements best expresses Adler's concept of humanity?

answer

People's interpretations of experiences are more important than the experiences themselves.

question

Concerning feelings of inferiority, Adler held that

answer

all individuals possess them.

question

Envy, gossip, and intolerance are manifestations of which Adlerian safeguarding tendency?

answer

depreciation

question

The death of Adler's younger brother resulted in Adler

answer

deciding to become a doctor.

question

Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is the path of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of

answer

social interest.

question

According to Adler, which factor does NOT describe maladjusted people?

answer

a high level of social interest

question

The tendency toward completion, Adler believed,

answer

was innate but needed to be developed.

question

Adler held that exaggerated physical deficiencies

answer

trigger inferiority feelings leading to abnormal development.

question

_____ is perceiving elementary data that are beyond our awareness.

answer

intuition

question

Jung believed that the conscious mind should be balanced by the __________.

answer

persona

question

Jung was _______________________ in his practice of psychotherapy, meaning that he used whatever techniques seemed suitable for a particular patient.

answer

eclectic

question

_____ is recognizing the meaning of stimuli.

answer

thinking

question

the masculine archetype in women

answer

Animus

question

__________ refers to people's subjective perceptions.

answer

Introversion

question

__________ refers to adaptation to the inner world and the backward flow of psychic energy.

answer

Regression

question

__________ placing a value on something.

answer

Feeling

question

_________ is taking in sensory stimuli.

answer

Sensation

question

__________ indicates an orientation toward the objective world.

answer

Extraversion

question

Jung believed that the conscious mind should be balanced by the __________ mind.

answer

unconscious

question

__________ involves adaptation to the outside world and the forward flow of psychic energy.

answer

Progression

question

Prediposition to act or react in a characteristic way.

answer

Attitude

question

Ancient or archaic images that are taken from the collective unconscious

answer

Archetype

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