question

The truth is that B. F. Skinner

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did not offer a personality theory at all.

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The essential truth about B. F. Skinner's research is that

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his study of behavior is the antithesis of the psychoanalytic, trait, life span, cognitive and humanistic approaches.

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Skinner's treatment of personality is unusual because he

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made no references to internal, subjective accounts for behavior.

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Skinner described human beings as

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empty organisms.

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Skinner argued that psychology is the science of

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behavior.

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Skinner rejected ____ as a valid personality characteristic.

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all of the answers

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Skinner believed that physiological processes are

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irrelevant for mental activities.

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Skinner believed people are subjects who express

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overt responses and nothing more.

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The research supporting Skinner's theory was conducted on

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rats and pigeons.

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Skinner's research subjects were mainly

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animals.

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Skinner's influence on psychology

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has wide practical applications.

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Skinner's behavioral approach is

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used in schools, correctional institutions, and hospitals.

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Skinner's childhood was characterized by

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parental warnings that influenced his adult behavior.

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We get a glimpse of Skinner's later work in his childhood love of

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constructing mechanical devices.

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Skinner was taught by his parents to

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"fear God, the police, and what people think."

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At age 22, Skinner experienced

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an identity crisis.

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In his early adulthood, Skinner

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decided he would study human behavior by the methods of science rather than the methods of fiction.

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In Skinner's fictional community of Walden Two,

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life is controlled by positive reinforcement.

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Skinner believed that behavior can be controlled by

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its consequences.

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When a specific stimulus elicits a response, it is called

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respondent behavior.

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In his famous salivating dog experiment, Ivan Pavlov demonstrated that

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reinforcement is necessary for learning.

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Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning involves

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all of the answers.

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To condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, Pavlov

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rang the bell shortly before the dog smelled meat powder.

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Skinner believed that respondent behavior

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does not account for most human behavior.

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Skinner's term for voluntary, explorative behavior is

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operant behavior.

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According to Skinner, operant behavior

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all of the answers.

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A rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box is showing ____ behavior.

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emitted

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According to Skinner, parental disapproval of a child's behavior will

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probably lead to the cessation of that behavior.

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Skinner believed that personality is a(n)

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pattern or collection of operant behaviors.

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In Skinner's research, food-deprived rats pressed a lever to receive a food pellet. The rat will eventually press the lever

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because he will understand that he will be reinforced for his behavior with a food pellet.

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The _______ becomes the reinforcer for the rat to receive a reward for his behavior.

answer

food

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When Skinner failed to reinforce rats in a Skinner box continuously, the rats

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eventually stopped pressing the lever.

question

In fixed-interval reinforcement,

answer

reinforcement is unrelated to the number of responses.

question

An employee paid on a weekly basis operates under a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

fixed-interval

question

In a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule, if the interval between reinforcements is shortened the response rate will

answer

increase.

question

Compared to fixed-interval schedules, fixed-ratio schedules

answer

produce higher response rates.

question

Slot machines operate on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

variable-ratio

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A good example of a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is

answer

casino gambling.

question

Shaping a behavior that is not likely to occur spontaneously is accomplished by

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successive approximation.

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The secret to shaping behavior is

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reinforcing only successive approximations of the final behavior desired.

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The successive approximation method

answer

is also called shaping.

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Superstitious behavior is learned quickly when there are

answer

short intervals between reinforcements.

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To Skinner, self-control means

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control of external variables that determine behavior.

question

Skinner suggests all of the following techniques of self-control except

answer

physical punishment administered by a friend.

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When a token economy was instituted in a psychiatric hospital,

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there was a dramatic increase in appropriate patient behaviors.

question

In a token economy experiment, psychotic patients

answer

became less dependent and more responsible.

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Behavior modified in a token economy

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usually reverts to its original state when tokens are no longer provided.

question

In behavior modification therapy, unconscious motivating forces are

answer

ignored.

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In behavior modification, Skinner advocated using

answer

only positive reinforcement.

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For changing behavior, Skinner believed punishment is

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often effective, but has undesirable side effects.

question

An example of negative reinforcement is

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threatening to spank a child unless he cleans up his room.

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According to Skinner, negative reinforcement is

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less effective than positive reinforcement.

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According to Skinner, human behavior is controlled by

answer

reinforcers.

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Skinner believed people function

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like machines.

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Skinner believed people are not responsible for their actions, because

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all behavior is determined.

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Which one of the following best describes Skinner's image of human nature?

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We are controlled by the environment, but we can control ourselves by changing the environment.

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Skinner's assessment techniques include

answer

laboratory experiments.

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The followers of Skinner assess behavior, (not personality) using all of the following techniques except

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free association, dream analysis, and projective techniques.

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Each of the following is a factor in Skinner's functional analysis except

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the motivation behind the behavior.

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Functional analysis

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all of these

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In the application of Skinner's behavior modification techniques,

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it is necessary to first assess specific behaviors.

question

Skinner's methodological approach to the study of behavior is to

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observe the subject, have the subject do self-reports, and do physiological measurements.

question

Skinner's assessment methods

answer

preferred the intensive study of a single subject at a time.

question

Skinner believed that valid and replicable results could be obtained without ____________ as long as sufficient data were collected from a single-subject under well-controlled circumstances.

answer

statistical analysis

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All of the following are criticisms of Skinner's system except which?

answer

Operant conditioning cannot change behavior.

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Bandura criticizes Skinner for his

answer

study of individual animal subjects rather than on human subjects interacting with one another.

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All of the following are ways Albert Bandura differs from Skinner except

answer

learning as a function of reinforcement.

question

In Albert Bandura's approach to psychology,

answer

learning can occur without direct reinforcement.

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Bandura believes that reinforcement

answer

can occur vicariously and still affect behavior.

question

Bandura believes that all forms of behavior can be learned

answer

without directly experiencing any reinforcement and by observing the behavior of others.

question

The observational learning approach

answer

all of these

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The fundamental feature of Bandura's theory is his

answer

idea of learning by observation or example.

question

Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is

answer

an inefficient way to learn certain skills.

question

In modeling, new responses are acquired

answer

before ever performing or displaying them.

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Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the power of

answer

modeling.

question

The behavior of children who watched an adult model attack a Bobo doll was

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twice as aggressive as the behavior of children in the control group.

question

According to Bandura, parents of aggressive children are probably

answer

aggressive.

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Bandura has found that verbal modeling

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works best when interspersed with modeled demonstrations.

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Bandura believed that people are more likely to discard their inhibition against aggressive behavior if they see other people doing so. This is called

answer

disinhibition.

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_________ can involve what a person looks at or perceives when they observe others.

answer

Modeling

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According to studies, the disinhibiting power of modeling is enhanced when the

answer

all of the answers

question

According to Bandura, deviant people

answer

followed different models that the rest of society considers undesirable.

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Hostile and aggressive behaviors, as seen in research, tend to be strongly imitated

answer

especially by children.

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In modeling experiments, as the similarity between model and subject decreases, the degree of modeling

answer

decreases.

question

All of the following characteristics of models are important except

answer

bonds of friendship between model and subject.

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A child is more likely to model its behavior after a person

answer

rather than a cartoon character.

question

Which behaviors are more likely to be imitated?

answer

all of the answers

question

Which of kind of behavior is most likely to be imitated by children?

answer

aggressive

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People who are low in ___________ and ____________ are much more likely to imitate a model's behavior than are people high in these two areas.

answer

self-confidence/self-esteem

question

Bandura's research has shown that observers pay closer attention to modeled behavior that

answer

produces positive or negative consequences rather than neutral outcomes.

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Each of the following is a process of observational learning except

answer

extinction processes.

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According to Bandura, attentional processes

answer

can be influenced by the model's attractiveness and confidence.

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To retain behavior that has been observed, a person must

answer

encode the model's behavior and represent it symbolically.

question

Internal and verbal representational systems

answer

help the observer retain the model's behavior.

question

In Bandura's __________ learning, we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time.

answer

observational

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In the production processes, what has been observed and retained is

answer

translated into overt behavior.

question

Incentive and motivational processes

answer

influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.

question

In modeling and observational learning, reinforcement

answer

is not required for learning to occur.

question

Bandura sees the self as a

answer

set of cognitive processes and structures.

question

Bandura says much of our behavior is regulated by

answer

self-reinforcement.

question

Bandura believes self-reinforcement

answer

is like requiring personal standards of behavior and achievement.

question

Self-administered reinforcement

answer

all of the answers

question

Self-reinforcement is

answer

somewhat like the conscience or superego, which Bandura denied.

question

If you want competent, confident people, find ways to increase their sense of

answer

self-efficacy.

question

Self-efficacy is determined by

answer

how well we meet our behavioral standards.

question

Persons high in self-efficacy

answer

believe they deal effectively with life events.

question

All of the following are sources of information about efficacy except

answer

performance on projective tests.

question

The most influential source of efficacy judgments is

answer

performance attainment.

question

Seeing other people fail at some activity

answer

can lower self-efficacy.

question

All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except

answer

counseling to increase enactive attainment.

question

All of the following statements about the developmental aspects of modeling are true except which?

answer

Modeling is not important in development until after age two.

question

By about the age of ____, children have developed sufficient attentional, retention, and production processes to begin imitating behavior some time after the observation rather than immediately.

answer

2.

question

Self-efficacy in old age

answer

may be lowered because of declining physical abilities and retirement from work.

question

Bandura's approach to behavior modification is based on the assumption that

answer

abnormal behavior is learned.

question

Bandura does not attempt to deal with

answer

modifying or changing learned behaviors.

question

Bandura applied modeling techniques

answer

to eliminate fears and other intense emotional reactions

question

A snake phobia can be eliminated by

answer

having subjects observe a live model, then actually handle the snake.

question

One advantage of modeling as therapy is that it can

answer

be used with groups.

question

The modeling approach to behavior modification

answer

can improve self-efficacy.

question

Modeling has been shown to

answer

all of these

question

Bandura's work on ______________ has been criticized for exploiting people, manipulating and controlling them against their will.

answer

behavior modification.

question

Arguing in favor of behavior modification, Bandura says it

answer

actually increases personal freedom.

question

According to Bandura's position on free will versus determinism, we are

answer

(along with our environment) reciprocal determinants of each other.

question

Bandura sees human nature as influenced by

answer

past learning experiences

question

Triadic reciprocality is the interaction of behavior, environment, and

answer

cognitive factors.

question

Bandura points out that reinforcement

answer

does not automatically change behavior.

question

Bandura's assessment techniques include

answer

self-report inventories and self-ratings.

question

Bandura's research

answer

studies large groups of subjects and compares their average performance by statistical analysis.

question

Research on self-efficacy shows that it is

answer

partly a function of gender and age.

question

Research suggests that women perceive themselves as high in self-efficacy

answer

when they have traditionally female occupations.

question

High self-efficacy is associated with

answer

all of the answers

question

Self-efficacy has been shown to influence

answer

academic performance.

question

People high in self-efficacy

answer

set higher goals for themselves on the job.

question

In a study of adults in Germany, those who scored high in personal self-efficacy presented themselves on Facebook as

answer

relaxed, funny and cool in comparison to others that were low in personal self-efficacy.

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