Personality Exam 1 Quiz – Flashcards
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Psychologists generally agree that personality • refers mostly to surface traits • is largely inherited • can be explained by several different theories • can best be explained by a single theory
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can be explained by several different theories
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Wording of items is sometimes reversed to • avoid reversal errors. • keep participants from becoming bored. • save space on a questionnaire. • determine whether those scoring the test are paying attention. • avoid the acquiescence response-set bias.
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avoid the acquiescence response-set bias.
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A correlational design can be useful because it helps to determine • the effect one variable has on another. • a lot of information about an individual. • the role of one variable in the development of another. • the strength of the relationship between two variables. • causal influences.
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the strength of the relationship between two variables.
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Which term applies to the tendency to believe that vague generalities are a good description of one's personality? • The gullibility effect • The passive effect • The believability effect • The active effect • The Barnum effect
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The Barnum effect
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Projective tests are different from other measures of personality in that they tend to be • more objective. • more subjective. • more accurate. • much shorter. • much longer.
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more subjective.
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Which of the following directly measures psychopathology? • the Q-sort test • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory • NEO Personality Inventory • the Thematic Apperception Test • the Draw-a-Person test
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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If you read of a new "finding" in the newspaper one morning but noticed that only Caucasian subjects from Seattle were used in the experiment you might not give a lot of credibility to the study. This would be because of possible __________ limitations. • sexual • generalizability • age • gender-related • paranormal
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generalizability
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Reliability refers to • the ability of a scale to condense information. • the ability of a scale to measure what it is supposed to. • the ready availability of a scale. • the ability of a scale to give consistent results. • none of these
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the ability of a scale to give consistent results.
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According to your book, which is NOT a source of personality theory? • analogy • induction • deduction • conduction • All of these are sources of personality theory
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conduction
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A theory that is as simple and concise as possible is • parsimonious • useless • an operational theory • internally consistent
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parsimonious
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According to Freudians, why do "Freudian slips" occur more often when we are tired or distracted? • They don't occur more often; we just remember them better. • Defenses are down and the unconscious slips out. • We are more likely to daydream. • We get tired of consciously holding back true feelings. • Fatigue contributes to weakness of the facial muscles.
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Defenses are down and the unconscious slips out.
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What best describes the "Oedipus complex"? • A little boy's fear of being castrated • A little girl's fear of having a penis • A boy's sexual feelings for his mother and rivalry with his father • A boy's rivalry with his mother and sexual feelings for his father • A boy's sexual feelings for his mother and rivalry with his other siblings for his mother's full attention
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A boy's sexual feelings for his mother and rivalry with his father
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What is the "latent content" of a dream, according to Freud? • Its underlying hidden meaning • The information about the dream that is recalled upon awakening • Amnesia • Our conscious memories of the emotions of the dream • Reaction formation
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Its underlying hidden meaning
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Which is the term given to the female version of the "Oedipus complex"? • Oedipustine complex • Bathory complex • Freud's complex • Electra complex • Homer's complex
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Electra Complex
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Freudian theory uses the term "libido" to refer to • the psychic energy that is the basis of drive or motivation. • the child's internalization of societal norms. • the child's belief that girls were born with penises, but have suffered castration. • a boy's fear that his father will castrate him. • the ability of mature individuals to make realistic compromises.
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the psychic energy that is the basis of drive or motivation.
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The __________ operates under the "pleasure principle," while the __________ operates under the "reality principle." • id; ego • ego; id • id; superego • ego; superego • superego; ego
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id; ego
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Seeing deficiencies in others that one unconsciously feels within oneself is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism? • Projection • reaction formation • fixation • undoing • repression
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Projection
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Freud's theory dealt with sexuality because • his sexually repressed Victorian-era patients were troubled by inner conflicts and tensions. • Freud was ashamed of his own sexual desires. • Freud thought only neurotic people experienced sexual tensions. • Freud was very religious and wanted to purge people of their sexual compulsions. • all of these
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his sexually repressed Victorian-era patients were troubled by inner conflicts and tensions.
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A current controversy that is relevant to the idea of repression deals with • masturbation. • people's failing to recover their repressed memories. • vagueness of memories. • implantation of false memories by therapists. • none of these are current controversies
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implantation of false memories by therapists.
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In Freud's view, what is a major factor motivating human behavior? • Free will • Sexual urges • Conditioning • The need for self-respect • Fear of failure
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Sexual urges
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The importance of birth order was discussed by • Horney. • Erikson. • Adler. • Jung. • Freud.
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Adler
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Organ inferiority refers to the idea that • the brain is inferior to the body. • everyone has one bad organ that will fail. • everyone is born with some physical weakness. • the body is inferior because of organs. • everyone's heart is inferior to the brain.
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everyone is born with some physical weakness.
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The animus represents the __________, while the anima represents the __________. • female element of a man; male element of a woman • male element of a woman; animal element of a man • female element of a man; animal element of a woman • animal element of a man; animal element of a woman • male element of a woman; female element of a man
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(Animus) male element of a woman; (Anima) female element of a man
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Archetypes are • valuable archaeological artifacts. • powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history. • our beliefs about "god" as dictated by religion. • worth less copies of artifacts. • patterns of emotion or temperament.
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powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history.
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Erikson's theory of development focuses on the idea that • one must recognize his or her own feelings. • increasing inner unity involves ego repression. • growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts throughout life. • trust vs. mistrust develops in adolescence and strongly affects adulthood. • libidinal transformation is inferior to reinforcement.
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growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts throughout life.
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Erikson's theory is unique and particularly well known for its focus on • the importance of identity. • continued development in adulthood. • the significance of life crisis for encouraging personal growth. • development over the life-span. • all of these
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all of these
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Karen Horney believed that women often felt inferior to men because • they were being realistic and knew they were inferior. • they were focused on the collective unconscious idea of the Mother figure. • they were experiencing penis envy. • they were raised to see men as superior, and society denied them equal opportunity. • she did not have an opinion on this topic, due to arguments by L. Hans.
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they were raised to see men as superior, and society denied them equal opportunity.
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Someone who is "moving toward" people would exhibit which of the following behaviors? • withdrawal of emotion • initiating conflicts with others • striving for power • seeking to please others • attempting to control others
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seeking to please others
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An individual who is high in self-monitoring is likely to • focus on being consistent in behavior at all times. • believe that fate determines life circumstances. • be a poor actor. • maintain a situational orientation. • maintain a dispositional orientation.
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maintain a situational orientation
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Which of the following characterizes Object Relations Theories? Theories that have to do with how people: • relate to the material world • learn in school • cooperate with others in a group • learn about themselves and others through interactions with other people • react in stressful situations in which an object is the cause, e.g., a person's computer breaks during a project
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learn about themselves and others through interactions with other people
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An individual who is interested in experimenting with drugs, going skydiving, and traveling to exotic places is probably • high in sensation-seeking. • neurotic.extroverted. • high in self-monitoring. • mentally unstable.
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high in sensation-seeking.
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According to Darwin, individual differences • have a function in survival. • can be adaptive. • can aid in passing on one's genes to offspring. • have a genetic basis. • all of these
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all of these
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Which of the following statements best describes the biological perspective's view of free will? • Humans have the potential for free will beyond the constraints of the body (i.e. spiritual free will. • Free will differentiates humans from other animals. • Behavior is determined by biological tendencies. • Behavior is determined by biological tendencies and the unconscious. • Behavior occurs at random, with no rhyme or reason.
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Behavior is determined by biological tendencies.
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"Temperament" refers to • stable individual differences in emotional reactivity. • individuals' widely varying fluctuations in mood. • the trait of being irritable and temperamental. • physical characteristics which correlate with behaviors. • a disease common in dogs that sometimes is transmitted to humans.
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stable individual differences in emotional reactivity.
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Tropisms are • health-promoting environments. • motivational forces influencing individuals' health behaviors. • unhealthy temperaments. • health-threatening environments. • genetically caused chromosome abnormalities.
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motivational forces influencing individuals' health behaviors.
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A major study done at the University of Minnesota, which studied identical twins raised apart, found • same sex and opposite sex twins have similar personalities. • people raised in Minnesota do not like Mexican food. • similarities in physical appearance but not personality. • impressive similarities in personality between people who have the same genetic makeup. • personality is mostly located in the genes, regardless of the environment.
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impressive similarities in personality between people who have the same genetic makeup.
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If we postulate that introverts are innately at a higher level of central nervous system arousal, this is an application of • Pavlov's theory of the classical conditioning of traits. • Freud's theory of the hydraulic nature of the id. • Buss's theory of the evolution of less attractive men. • Eysenck's linking of the dimension of introversion to biology. • none of these
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Eysenck's linking of the dimension of introversion to biology.
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Darwin's evolutionary theory argues that • It's every man for himself • What evolves is a capacity for certain behaviors in certain situations • Genes consciously strive to reproduce • Our biology determines our personalities
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What evolves is a capacity for certain behaviors in certain situations
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Daly and Wilson suggest that family violence and abuse against children in modern America is often due to • evolutionary pressures driving individuals to protect themselves against all others (self-preservation instinct. • evolutionary pressures driving individuals to protect the human race from attack. • psychological conflicts in the abuser's unconscious. • reinforced behavioral patterns that include violent actions. • evolutionary pressures driving individuals to care more for their own offspring than for others.
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evolutionary pressures driving individuals to care more for their own offspring than for others.
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Which of the following statements is NOT an advantage of a biological perspective on study of personality? • Potential for use in eugenics • Easily combined with other approaches • Takes into account genetic differences between people • Acknowledges environmental factors that can influence people's behavior • Acknowledges biological factors that can influence people's behavior
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Potential for use in eugenics
