question

What factors shaped the features of early trade routes in the eastern hemisphere?

answer

Climate and location of routes, typical trade goods, and the ethnicity of the people involved.

question

What are the 4 most significant trade routes of the period between 600BCE and 600CE?

answer

1. Eurasian Silk Roads 2. Trans-Saharan caravan routes 3. Indian Ocean sea lanes 4. Mediterranean sea lanes

question

What new technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange between 600BCE and 600CE?

answer

Yokes, saddles, and stirrups permitted the use of domesticated pack animals.

question

What factors stimulated early exchanges along maritime routes from East Africa to East Asia?

answer

Innovations in maritime technology and advanced knowledge of monsoon winds. Ex. Lateen sail and dhow ships.

question

What are the various forms of exchanges that took place between 600BCE and 600CE?

answer

Trade goods, people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens.

question

What crops spread from South Asia to the Middle East?

answer

Rice and cotton.

question

What changes did the spread of crops encourage?

answer

Changed in farming and irrigation techniques.

question

What religious and cultural traditions were transformed as they spread?

answer

Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

question

The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by:

answer

Imposing political unity.

question

What are the 6 key states/empires and their locations?

answer

Southwest Asia: Persian Empire East Asia: Qin and Han Empires South Asia: Mauryan and Gupta Empires Mediterranean: Phoenecia, Greek City-states, Hellenistic and Roman empires Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya Andean South America: Moche

question

What did the rulers of empires create to organize their subjects?

answer

Administrative institutions

question

Two important elements of imperial administrations are:

answer

1. Centralized government 2. Elaborate legal systems & bureaucracies

question

What regions hosted the most famous administrative institutions?

answer

China, Persia, Rome, & South Asia

question

Name 4 ways in which imperial governments projected military power over large areas.

answer

1. Diplomacy 2. Developing supply lines 3. Building fortifications 4. Defensive walls and roads 5. Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local populations or conquered peoples

question

What function did cities play in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas?

answer

1. Centers of trade 2. Public performance of religious rituals 3. Political administration for states and empires

question

Name 2 important early imperial cities.

answer

Rome & Teotihuacan

question

What did the social structures of early empires display? What groups were typically included?

answer

Hierarchies / Included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups

question

How did imperial societies maintain food production?

answer

Relied on a range of methods such as peasant communities and slavery.

question

An important reason to produce surplus in imperial societies was:

answer

To provide rewards for the loyalty of elites.

question

___________ continued to shape gender and family relations in imperial societies.

answer

Patriarchy

question

What specific empires created difficulties they could not manage?

answer

Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta

question

What types of difficulties did Empires create that often led to their collapse/decline/transformation?

answer

Political, cultural, and administrative

question

How did empire create environmental issues and what did these issues lead to?

answer

Successive mobilization of resources led to environmental damage which resulted in social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites.

question

What sorts of external problems did empires face?

answer

Issues along the frontier such as threat of invasions.

question

What are 2 important examples of empires' external problem?

answer

Rome: Problems with northern and eastern neighbors Gupta: White Huns

question

The codification of the ________ scriptures further associated Judaism with monotheism.

answer

Hebrew (Scriptures)

question

The Hebrew scriptures influenced the cultural and legal traditions of what area?

answer

Mesopotamia

question

What trend influenced the Jewish diasporic communities in the Middle East? Which peoples were involved?

answer

Conquest of Jewish states by Assyria, Babylonia, and Rome.

question

Sanskrit scriptures formed the basis of the __________ religions, which later became known as __________.

answer

Vedic, Hinduism

question

What core beliefs did Buddhism preach? What scriptures were they recorded in?

answer

Core beliefs: desire, suffering, and the search for enlightenment. Scriptures: Sutras & other misc. scriptures.

question

Buddhism was, in part, a reaction to ____________.

answer

The Vedic beliefs and rituals dominant in South Asia.

question

Emperor _______________ of _____________ supported the spread of Buddhism. Buddhism was also spread through ___________________________.

answer

Asoka / Mauryan Empire / efforts of missionaries and merchants and the establishment of educational institutions.

question

The philosophical belief system of ___________ came out of China.

answer

Confucianism

question

Confucianism's main goal was:

answer

to promote social harmony by outlining proper rituals and social relationships.

question

What are the core beliefs of Daoism?

answer

Balance between humans and nature.

question

What role did Daoism play in the development of Chinese culture?

answer

It influenced medical theories and practices, pottery, metallurgy, and architecture.

question

Christianity drew on which religious tradition?

answer

Judaism

question

Initially, Christianity rejected _______________ influences.

answer

Roman & Hellenistic

question

Christianity initially spread through ____________, and later through the support of ____________________.

answer

Efforts of missionaries and merchants through many parts of Afro-Eurasia / Emporer Constantine

question

What are the cored ideas of Greco-Roman philosophy/science?

answer

Logic, empirical observations, and the nature of political power and hierarchy.

question

What role did belief systems play in social systems?

answer

Affected gender roles: Judaism & Christianity: encouraged monastic life Confucianism: emphasized filial piety

question

What belief systems continued alongside the codified, written belief systems? Why did these persist outside of core civilizations?

answer

Shamanism/Animism persisted because of their daily reliance on the natural world.

question

Which major art forms were influenced by belief systems? Which important examples are provided in the Key Concept outline?

answer

Literature, drama, architecture, and sculpture. / Ex. Greek plays, Indian epics

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