PBS 3.2 Quiz – Flashcards

Transcription

Translation

Cytoplasm

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

Nucleus

mRNA

ribosomes

Ribosome

amino acid

amino acids

One end has a specific binding site for a particular amino acid and the other end has the sequence that can pair with a codon, called an anticodon.

Amino acids

The DNA code is translated into messenger RNA when the RNA polymerase binds to it and makes the mRNA copy. The RNA polymerase reads each nucleotide and brings in complementary nucleotides, and binds them together, which makes the mRNA strand.

The RNA molecule is a "script" for the protein production process because the ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the RNA sequence, and they use it to form an amino acid chain based on the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA.

The function of hemoglobin in the body is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

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The sickle cell mutation changes the 17th nucleotide from Thymine to Adenine, which causes the amino acid to change from glutamic acid to valine.

The sickle form of the hemoglobin gene is created when an adenine nucleotide is changed to a thymine. This changes the codon for the sixth amino acid in the B-globin protein from GAG to GUG, which causes the sixth amino acid in the protein to become Valine instead of Glutamic Acid. That single amino acid replacement in the B-globin protein alters the shape and chemistry of the hemoglobin molecule, causing it to polymerize and distort the red blood cell into the sickle shape.

Negative

Neutral

Clumps together and spins

Spreads out in a like and spins

It spread out and formed a line, except for the hydrophobic pocket, which folded inwards.

The hydrophobic pocket curved inwards, and the front of the gene curved in as well.

Van der Waals forces, Electrostatic charge, S-S bonds, and hydrogen bonds.

The middle of the hydrophobic pocket

An organic monomer which serves as a building block of proteins.

A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome.

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

Having an affinity for water.

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein.

A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

The creation of a protein from a DNA template.

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

A cell organelle that functions as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of ribosomal RNA and protein molecules and is formed by combining two subunits.

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of language from nucleotides to amino acids.

Supports body tissues, gives skin strength and elasticity, and makes up connective tissue

Helps break down carbohydrates and starches into simple sugars, begins chemical process of digestion (in saliva and pancreas)

In red blood cells, carries oxygen from the lungs to body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to lungs. It also maintains the shape of red blood cells.

Made by the pancreas, allows body to use glucose for energy or store glucose for energy use. Insulin also helps keep blood sugar level.

-RNA Polymerase binds to DNA strand, and the double helix unwinds. -RNA Polymerase reads one strand and brings in complementary nucleotides for every base it reads and binds them together, forming the mRNA strand. -When the RNA Polymerase reaches the termination sequence, it folds back on itself to prevent transcription form continuing, and the RNA Polymerase and mRNA fall off the DNA strand -The DNA strand folds back into a double helix

-mRNA carries info encoded in the DNA sequence from the nucleus to the cytoplasm -The sequence of the mRNA is read by ribosomes 3 bases at a time (called codons) -Begins amino acid chain at the start codon by tRNA molecules -tRNA molecules have an anticodon at one end and an amino acid at the other. The anticodon at the end dictates which amino acid it carries to a ribosome -The anticodon is a sequence of 3 complementary nucleotide bases to pair with the codon being read by the ribosome. -The ribosome promotes chemical reaction to occur that joins the amino acids together with a peptide bond. -As the ribosome continues down the mRNA strand, the anticodons fall off, leaving their amino acids and eventually forming a protein. -When the ribosome reaches the termination sequence, it falls off, and the amino acid chain falls off of the mRNA strand, and folds into a structure dictated by the order of amino acids.

Point mutation

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The valine amino acid from the sickled hemoglobin protein could stick into the hydrophobic pocket of the other hemoglobin protein, which is a pocket of hydrophobic amino acids. Valine is hydrophobic, so it sticks to other hydrophobic amino acids.

The substitution of valine for glutamic acid causes one end of the hemoglobin molecule where many hydrophobic amino acids are to fold in like a pocket when in water. The substituted valine amino acid is also hydrophobic, so it is attracted to other hydrophobic molecules, and sticks to the amino acids in the pocket. This causes the hemoglobin molecules to stick together.