Pathophysiology – Exam 1 – Cancer – Flashcards
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Match the phrases with the corresponding terms a. Cancer cell growth b. Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures c. Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen d. Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells e. Provides a framework to determine treatment 6. Chemotherapy - ON EXAM (d.) 7. Radiation 8. Staging 9. Angiogenesis 10. Monoclonal antibodies
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a. Cancer cell growth - Angiogenesis b. Used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures - Radiation c. Forms antibodies specific for tumor antigen - Monoclonal antibodies d. Agents that take advantage of specific vulnerabilities in target cancer cells - Chemotherapy e. Provides a framework to determine treatment - Staging
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MC question asking if chronic conditions, viruses, bacteria or all of the above cause cancer. Hepatitis B and C viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) Human T cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV)
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All of the above is correct answer
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ON EXAM: Mutant genes that in their nonmutant state direct protein synthesis and cellular growth are called:
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Oncogenes
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ON EXAM: Question asks what prevents uncontrolled cell division? Genes that encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation are called:
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Tumor suppressor genes (Also referred to as anti-oncogenes)
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ON EXAM A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? a. Red blood cells b. Apoptotic cells c. Enzymes d. Neurotransmitters
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c. Enzymes
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A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth? a. Neoplasm b. Lipoma c. Meningioma d. Hypertrophy
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a. Neoplasm
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Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: a. Release of growth factors b. Tumor regression c. Apoptosis d. New blood vessel growth
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d. New blood vessel growth
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Which of the following indicates a nurse understands a proto-oncogene? A proto-oncogene is best defined as a(n) _____ gene. a. Normal b. Altered c. Inactive d. Tumor-suppressor
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a. Normal
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Which statement indicates the patient has a correct understanding of metastasis? The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and: a. Lung tissue b. Body cavities c. Lymphatics d. Connective tissues
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c. Lymphatics
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A nurse is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give? a. Pneumonia and lung cancer b. Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer c. Prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer d. Hypercholesteremia and leukemia
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b. Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer
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Match the description with its corresponding term a. Loss of differentiation b. Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth c. Cells that vary in size and shape d. Unaltered normal allele e. Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity 1. Proto-oncogene 2. Pleomorphic 3. Anaplasia 4. Caretaker gene 5. Autocrine stimulation
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a. Loss of differentiation - Anaplasia b. Cancer cells secrete growth factor for their own growth - Autocrine stimulationo c. Cells that vary in size and shape -2. Pleomorphic d. Unaltered normal allele -Proto-oncogene e. Responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity - Caretaker gene
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How are malignant tumors named?
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They are named according to the tissues from which they arise.
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Malignant epithelial tumors are referred to as:
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carcinomas
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Malignant connective tissue tumors are referred to as:
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sarcomas
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Cancers of lymphatic tissue are called:
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lymphomas
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Cancers of blood-forming cells are called:
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leukemias
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Preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or epithelial origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invaded the surrounding stroma are called:
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Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
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What is this describing about cancer cells: Cancer cell's independence from normal cellular controls Anchorage independent Immortal Anaplasia - loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells
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Transformation
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Name two characteristics of cancer stem cells:
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1. Stem cells self-renew -Cell divisions create new stem cells 2. Stem cells are multipotent -Ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types
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Substances produced by cancer cells or that are found on plasma cell membranes, in the blood, CSF, or urine are called:
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Tumor cell markers (biologic markers)
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Name some tumor cell markers:
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Hormones Enzymes Genes Antigens Antibodies (Blood is tested to see if levels are high)
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What are tumor markers used for?
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Screen and identify individuals at high risk for cancer. Diagnose specific types of tumors. Observe clinical course of cancer.
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Cancer is predominately a disease of:
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aging
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Normal nonmutant gene that codes for cellular growth is called:
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Proto-oncogene
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What happens in the mutation of normal genes when both chromosome copies of a gene are inactivated?
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Loss of heterozygosity
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Changes in one or few nucleotide base pairs are called:
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Point mutations
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When a piece on one chromosome is transferred to another it is called:
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Chromosome translocation
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A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes is called:
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Gene amplification (Results in an increased expression of an oncogene)
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Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off while same regions in other cells remain active:
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Gene silencing
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Mutation of tumor suppressor genes allows:
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unregulated cellular growth
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Cancer cells can restore ___________, leading to continued division (immortality)
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telomeres
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____________________________ is an important factor in the development of cancer. Causes cellular injury -Cytokine release from inflammatory cells -Free radicals -Mutation promotion -Decreased response to DNA damage
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Chronic inflammation
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Name some chronic infections that are associated with a bacterial cause of cancer:
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Peptic ulcer disease Stomach carcinoma Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
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The development of new blood vessels is called:
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Angiogenesis - Growth of cancerous colonies depends on an adequate blood supply
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What type of cancer treatment is this describing: Theoretically, antitumor responses can selectively eliminate cancer cells while sparing normal cells Immune memory is long lived Numerous immunologic mechanisms are capable of rejecting different types of cancer Biologic response modifiers (BRMs)
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Immunotherapy
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What is the main goal in chemotherapy?
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To attack rapidly producing mitotic cells
