Pathophysiology – Chapter 7 – Blood and Blood-Forming Organs Diseases and Disorders – Flashcards
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erythrocytopenia
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A deficiency of red blood cells.
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anemia
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Any decrease in oxygen carrying ability of the red blood cell; low or decreased red blood cell (RBC) volume.
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erythrocytosis
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A condition of increased red blood cells.
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leukocytopenia
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A decrease in white blood cell count.
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neutropenia
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A decrease in neutrophils.
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lymphopenia
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A decrease in lymphocytes.
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leukocytosis
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An increase in white blood cell count.
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thrombocytopenia
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A decrease in platelets, leading to a coagulation problem.
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petechiae
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Small hemorrhages in the skin.
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ecchymoses
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Large areas of bruising.
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epistaxis
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Nosebleeds.
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thrombocytosis
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An increase in platelets.
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complete blood count (CBC)
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Identifies the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets per cubic milliliter, and can be used in the determination of most blood diseases.
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differential
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A detailed white blood cell count identifying the number of each type of leukocyte.
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hemocrit (Hct)
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A measurement of the amount of red cell mass as a proportion of whole blood.
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hemoglobin (Hgb)
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A measurement of the amount of hemoglobin or oxygen-carrying potential available in the blood.
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MCV
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Mean corpuscular volume; reflects average size of the red cell.
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MCH
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin; reflects average hemoglobin content.
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MCHC
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Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; reflects average hemoglobin concentration.
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bleeding time test
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A test to determine the bleeding time or time it takes the blood to clot.
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hemolyzed
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Broken down cells.
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pallor
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Lack of color; paleness.
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dyspnea
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Difficulty breathing.
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tachycardia
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Fast heart rate.
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tachypnea
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Fast breathing; a severely increased respiratory rate.
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syncope
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Fainting.
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pancytopenia
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Severe decrease or total absence of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
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leukemia
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A malignant neoplasm of the blood-forming organs (bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen).
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Reed-Sternberg cell
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A large connective tissue cell found in lymphatic tissue indicative of Hodgkin's disease.
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hypercalcemia
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Excessive blood calcium levels.
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Bence Jones protein
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A special protein found in the blood and urine, indicative of multiple myeloma.
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hemarthrosis
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Bleeding into joints.
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purpura
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Purplish color of the skin caused by hemorrhaging.
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hematuria
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Blood in the urine.
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hematemesis
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Vomiting of blood.
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hypovolemia
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Low or decreased blood volume.
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blood-forming organs
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1) lymph nodes, 2) bone marrow, 3) spleen, 4) liver
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Phases of blood coagulation
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Phase 1: blood clots at site of injury. Phase 2: prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the presence of calcium. Phase 3: thrombin and fibrinogen form fibrin and a clot is formed. Phase 4: the clot is removed through the process of fibrinolysis
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blood classifications
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1) the antigens in red blood cells, 2) the antibodies in the plasma.
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What is the most common disease of the system?
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anemia
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What makes up the hematologic system?
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Blood and blood-forming organs.
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What are the functions of the hematologic system?
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1) transport necessary nutrients to the cells, 2) aids in the removal of wastes, 3) transports hormones
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What is blood made up of?
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Blood is made up of plasma and the formed elements, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
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What is the main function of the lymph system in the hematologic system?
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The lymph system protects against pathogens.
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What is the main function of bone marrow in the hematologic system?
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The bone marrow produces blood cells.
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What are the main functions of the spleen in the hematologic system?
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The spleen produces lymphocytes, plasma cells, and antibodies to filter microorganisms from blood.
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What are the main functions of the liver in the hematologic system?
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The liver produces prothrombin and fibrinogen for blood clotting.
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What are the main functions of erythrocytes?
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The erythrocytes (red cells) transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
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What is the main function of hemoglobin?
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Hemoglobin, a component of the red cell, is important in the transport of oxygen by erythrocytes.
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What is the main function of leukocytes?
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Leukocytes (white cells) are concerned with protecting against individual infections.
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What is the main function of platelets?
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Platelets produce thrombokinase used in the clotting process.
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What are the common diagnostic tests for blood and blood-forming disorders?
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Complete blood count, biopsy of the blood-forming organs, and bleeding times.
