question

A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called:

answer

ischemia

question

When prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as:

answer

infarction

question

A collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an)

answer

syndrome

question

Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing

answer

hypertrophy

question

To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?

answer

Preprogrammed cell self-destruction Correct

question

Cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as

answer

certain food additives

question

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology

answer

The science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of disease

question

Which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology

answer

Initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function.

question

A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called

answer

dysplasia.

question

Why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals

answer

To develop preventive measures

question

Traditional drug or surgical therapy is incorporated with nontraditional methods by

answer

osteopaths

question

A medical history should include all: 1. legally prescribed drugs. 2. vitamin or mineral supplements. 3. any medication not requiring a prescription (over-the-counter items). 4. herbal treatments.

answer

1, 2, 3, 4

question

The form of therapy that involves assessment of physical function and works to restore any problems and prevent any further dysfunction using methods such as appropriate exercises and ultrasound is referred to as

answer

physiotherapy

question

Antagonistic drugs may be used to

answer

act as an antidote when necessary.

question

Which is the route of administration by which the largest proportion of the drug dose is likely lost before reaching the site of action

answer

Oral

question

A drug that binds with selected specific cell receptors may: 1. stimulate activity in those cells. 2. inhibit activity in those cells. 3. change specificity and attach to other cells. 4. be disabled by macrophages

answer

1, 2

question

Ingesting a drug with a large meal may be likely to:

answer

prevent gastric irritation

question

After they are metabolized, most drugs are excreted through the:

answer

kidneys

question

Contraindications printed on the label of a drug identify

answer

those circumstances under which the drug should probably not be used.

question

The full course of a prescribed antimicrobial drug should be completed so as to prevent:

answer

development of resistant microbes

question

When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH:

answer

decreases

question

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide? 1. It is secreted by heart muscle cells. 2. It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys. 3. It helps to control water and sodium balance. 4. It is released in response to low blood pressure.

answer

1 and 3

question

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

answer

Blood clotting

question

In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:

answer

an excess sodium level

question

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

answer

increasing the permeability of nerve membranes

question

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:

answer

lungs and kidneys

question

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

answer

Cardiac arrhythmias

question

What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?

answer

Kidneys

question

Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?

answer

Third-spacing

question

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

answer

Bicarbonate ion levels decrease

question

Ibuprofen is classified as an NSAID and is particularly useful in treating:

answer

pain caused by inflammation

question

A headache that results from pressure on the meninges surrounding the brain is referred as a/an:

answer

intracranial headache

question

Cancer-related pain has been broken down into three basic categories: pain caused by the advance of the disease and resultant damage to the body, pain that is the result of a coexisting disease unrelated to the cancer, and:

answer

pain associated with the treatment of disease

question

Which of the following statement is TRUE?

answer

Young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure.

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic pain?

answer

It is more difficult to diagnose and treat than is acute pain

question

In which structure do pain impulses ascend the spinal cord?

answer

Spinothalamic tract

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute pain but not of chronic pain?

answer

Severe but short term

question

A headache that is related to changes in cerebral blood flow is classified as a/an ________ headache.

answer

migraine

question

What is the term used to describe the degree of pain that is endured before an individual takes action?

answer

Pain tolerance

question

Pain perceived in the left arm during the course of a heart attack is an example of:

answer

referred pain

question

The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to:

answer

any tissue injury

question

How does scar tissue usually cause obstructions to develop in tube-like structures?

answer

Scar tissue does not stretch, but rather shrinks in time, causing narrowing.

question

Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses are called:

answer

interferons

question

Identify the proper sequence in the healing process?

answer

A blood clot forms; phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris; granulation tissue grows into the gap; new blood vessels form; and collagen fibers promote formation of a tight, strong scar

question

The advantages of applying a biosynthetic skin substitute to a large area of full-thickness burn include: 1. reduced risk of infection. 2. decreased loss of plasma protein and fluid. 3. developing stronger fibrous scar tissue. 4. more rapid healing. 5. regeneration of all glands, nerves, and hair follicles.

answer

1, 2, and 4

question

Chemicals mediators released during the inflammatory response include:

answer

histamine and prostaglandins

question

A burn area in which the epidermis and part of the dermis is destroyed is classified as:

answer

deep partial-thickness

question

Why is an application of cold recommended as part of the RICE first aid measures immediately following an inflammatory response due to injury?

answer

It causes local vasoconstriction to reduce loca edema

question

Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes:

answer

sexual intercourse

question

A serous exudate is best described as a:

answer

thin, watery, colorless exudate

question

The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from:

answer

increased blood flow into the area

question

Mechanisms to bring an elevated body temperature down to the normal level include:

answer

general cutaneous vasodilation

question

What are culture and sensitivity tests used for?

answer

To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it

question

The presence of the bacterial capsule:

answer

Protects the microbe from phagocytosis

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of rickettsia?

answer

It is a very small gram-negative intracellular microbe

question

Which of the following is a function of interferons?

answer

The increase host cell resistance to viral invasion

question

Secondary infection may occur with administration of antibacterial drugs because the:

answer

Balance of species in the resident flora is upset

question

Which of the following factors would NOT increase the virulence of a specific microbe?

answer

Production of interferons

question

When an infection or inflammation is suspected, what does leucopenia often indicate?

answer

Viral infection

question

All of the following are mechanisms of antiviral drug action EXCEPT:

answer

Interference with mitosis

question

What is the cause of oral ulcerations and delayed healing occurring with any severe anemia?

answer

Deficit of oxygen for epithelial cell mitosis and metabolism

question

Chronic blood loss causes anemia because of the:

answer

smaller amount of recycled iron available

question

What are the common early signs of aplastic anemia?

answer

Excessive bleeding and recurrent infections

question

Predisposing factors to leukemia commonly include:

answer

exposure to radiation

question

Multiple opportunistic infections develop with acute leukemia primarily because:

answer

many circulating leukocytes are immature

question

Why do abnormally low hemoglobin values develop with pernicious anemia?

answer

Shorter life span f erythrocytes

question

Why is pernicious anemia treated with injections of vitamin B12?

answer

The ingested vitamin would not be absorbe into the blood

question

Which of the following is present with pernicious anemia?

answer

Hypochlorhydria

question

What term is used described a deficit of all types of blood cells?

answer

Pancytopenia

question

Which of the following applies to the leukemias?

answer

Chronic leukemias are ore common in older people.

question

Elephantiasis, caused by the obstruction of lymphatic vessels by parasitic worms, is an example of the condition known as:

answer

lymphedema

question

Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes are called:

answer

lymphomas

question

One of the reasons non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are harder to treat than Hodgkin's lymphomas is that they:

answer

involve multiple nodes and widespread metastases.

question

The staging system typically used in determining the stage of the Hodgkin's lymphoma is the:

answer

Ann Arbor sytem

question

The atypical cell that serves as a marker for diagnosing Hodgkin's lymphoma is the:

answer

Reed-Sternberg cell

question

A rare illness that involves the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue, although not itself considered a cancer is:

answer

Castleman disease

question

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are increasing in incidence, partly due to the numbers associated with:

answer

an increase in HIV infections

question

Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic disease of unknown etiology occurring in older adults and involving:

answer

plasma cells

question

The spleen has a number of important functions, which include:

answer

hematopoiesis, destruction of old erythrocytes, blood reservoir

question

The function of the hormones secreted by the thymus gland is to:

answer

enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells

question

Which of the following is NOT a cause of immunodeficiency?

answer

delayed hypersensitivity

question

Humoral immunity is mediated by:

answer

B lymphocytes (B cells)

question

Which of the following characteristics apply to HIV? 1. It contains two strands of DNA. 2. It tends to mutate frequently to form new strains. 3. The incubation period is extremely short. 4. It is inactivated by heat and many disinfectants.

answer

2 and 4

question

What does seroconversion mean in relation to HIV and AIDS?

answer

Antibodies for HIV have been identified in the blood

question

The most common cause of death in patients who have AIDS is:

answer

Pheumocystis carinii pneumonia

question

The term tolerance refers to:

answer

the ability of the immune system to ignore "self" cells

question

Following a positive HIV antibodies blood test and ELISA test, what is the test commonly used for confirmations?

answer

Western blot test

question

Which of the following statements applies to the complement system?

answer

It consists of proteins in the blood that must be activated

question

Distinguishing clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus include:

answer

inflammation in multiple organs

question

Tissue transferred between two genetically identical twins is referred to as a/an:

answer

isograft

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a patient who is HIV positive?

answer

Antibodies in the blood indicate presence of virus and possible transmission to others.

question

What kind of control mechanism is indicated when increased blood glucose levels stimulate increased secretion of insulin?

answer

Negative feedback control

question

Immediate treatment for insulin shock may include:

answer

consumption of fruit juice or candy

question

What is caused by hyperparathyroidism?

answer

Bone demineralization

question

Diabetic retinopathy results from:

answer

obstruction or rupture of retinal blood vessels

question

Diabetes may cause visual impairment through damage to the lens; this is referred to as:

answer

cataracts

question

Which of the following is an effect of Addison's disease?

answer

Poor stress response

question

Which of the following hormonal imbalances causes myxedema?

answer

Deficit of T3 and T4

question

Which of the following is an effect of long-tern glucocorticoid therapy?

answer

Decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland

question

Which of the following is recommended for immediate treatment of hypoglycemic shock? 1. If conscious, immediately give sweet fruit juice, honey, candy, or sugar. 2. If unconscious, give nothing by mouth (require intravenous glucose 50%). 3. Treat immediately with insulin. 4. Give large quantity of clear fluids for shock.

answer

1 and 2

question

Which of the following are typical early signs of Alzheimer's disease? 1. Behavioral changes 2. Reduced ability to reason and problem solve 3. Decreased verbal responses 4. Urinary incontinence

answer

1 and 2

question

Following a spinal injury at C5, what is the expected effect during the period of spinal shock?

answer

Possible periods of apnea

question

What is the probable source of an embolus causing a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

answer

Common carotid artery

question

What does the term otorrhea mean?

answer

CSF leaking from the ear

question

Which of the following does NOT apply to Reye's syndrome?

answer

There is no permanent damage in the body

question

Which statement applies to Huntington's disease?

answer

It presents with choreiform movements in the upper body and decreased ability to concentrate.

question

Collateral circulation is most likely to be present when a CVA results from:

answer

atherosclerosis

question

The stroke scale used to rapidly diagnose a stroke includes:

answer

capacity for speech, level of consciousness, motor skills, eye movements

question

What is the effect of an enlarging brain abscess on cardiovascular activity?

answer

Systemic vasoconstriction and slower heart rate

question

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a common contributing factor to AIDS dementia?

answer

Development of arteriosclerosis

question

Typical signs of a TIA include:

answer

transient muscle weakness in a hand or leg

question

Trachoma is indicated by the presence of

answer

corneal abrasions by the infected eyelids

question

Which of the following is caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens?

answer

Astigmatism

question

Herpes simplex virus is a common cause of:

answer

corneal ulceration and scarring

question

Which term refers to near sightedness?

answer

Myopia

question

An infection that damages the auditory nerve can cause what type of hearing loss?

answer

Sensorineural

question

Which of the following involves a gradual clouding of the lens of the eye?

answer

cataract

question

The involuntary abnormal movement of one or both eyes is referred to as:

answer

nystagmus

question

What is the basic pathological change with macular degeneration?

answer

Degeneration of the retinal cells in the fovea centralis

question

Which of the following is a sign of a detached retina?

answer

No pain, development of a dark area in the visual filed

question

Which of the following causes increased heart rate?

answer

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.

question

A very rapid heart rate reduces cardiac output because:

answer

ventricular filling is reduced

question

More extensive permanent damage is likely when a myocardial infarction is caused by:

answer

an embolus

question

The term premature ventricular contraction refers to the condition where:

answer

additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.

question

Which of the following factors greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise?

answer

Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle

question

Excessive fluid in the pericardial space causes

answer

reduced venous return

question

Neurogenic (vasogenic) shock results from systemic vasodilation due to:

answer

increased capacity of the vascular system and reduced venous return.

question

Which of the following drugs improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions?

answer

Digoxin

question

What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax?

answer

Air is forced out of the lungs

question

What does carbaminoheoglobin refer to?

answer

Carbon dioxide attached to an amino group on the hemoglobin molecule

question

Which of the following is likely to cause pneumothorax or hemothorax in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma?

answer

The tumor causes inflammation and erosion of the pleural membranes

question

Mediastinal flutter associated with chest injury is likely to:

answer

decreased venous return to the heart.

question

Rust- colored sputum in a patient with pneumonia usually indicates:

answer

Streptococcus pneumonia is the infecting agent.

question

Which of the following drugs is usually prescribed for prophylaxis in persons in close contact with a patient with active tuberculosis?

answer

Isoniazid

question

What is caused by frequent inhalation of irritating particles such as silica?

answer

Fibrosis and loss of complaince

question

A compensation for shock would include:

answer

increased heart rate and oliguria

question

Pericarditis causes a reduction in cardiac output as a result of which of the following?

answer

Excess fluis in the pericardial cavity, which decreases ventricular filling

question

Why does anaphylactic shock cause severe hypoxia very quickly?

answer

Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow

question

Shock develops in patients with severe burns as a result of:

answer

pain and loss of plasma

question

Cardiac output refers to:

answer

the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute

question

What is a typical early sign of cancer in the ascending colon?

answer

Occult blood in the stool

question

Which of the following statement(s) about jaundice is/are true? 1. It is often the first manifestation of hepatitis. 2. Jaundice indicates permanent liver damage. 3. Individuals with hepatitis are always jaundiced. 4. Jaundice usually develops with hepatocellular carcinoma.

answer

4 only

question

Which of the following applies to hepatitis A infection?

answer

it is transmitted by the fecal oral route

question

The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease may involve any of the following EXCEPT:

answer

increased stimulation of mucus- producing glands

question

Which of the following is a typical indicator of an intestinal obstruction caused by paralytic ileus?

answer

severe steady abdominal pain

question

Why does mild hyperbilirubinemia occur in newborns?

answer

Immature liver cannot process bilirubin quickly enough

question

Gastroesophageal reflux disease involves:

answer

periodic flow of gastric contents into the esophagus.

question

What is the likely effect of long-term exposure to a hepatotoxin?

answer

Gradual irreversible damage to the liver and cirrhosis

question

What does hydronephrosis lead to?

answer

Ischemia and necrosis in the compressed area

question

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

answer

Urinary casts and flank pain

question

What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?

answer

Decreased bicarbonate ion

question

Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?

answer

Very low GFR and increased serum urea

question

The micturition reflex is initiated by:

answer

increased pressure distending the bladder

question

Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?

answer

Sodium ions

question

Under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?

answer

Blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases

question

A viral infection of the parotid gland is commonly known as:

answer

mumps

question

What does congenital pyloric stenosis involve?

answer

Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in the pylorus

question

Which of the following is NOT usually present during the icteric stage of viral hepatitis?

answer

Esophageal varices

question

With severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause:

answer

cardiac arrhytmias

question

Which of the following does NOT usually result from nephrosclerosis?

answer

Acute renal failure

question

Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation may be used in cases of breast cancer in order to:

answer

destroy any micrometastases

question

Specific genetic links have been shown for: 1. cervical cancer. 2. testicular cancer. 3. breast cancer. 4. prostatic cancer.

answer

2, 3 and 4

question

Which is considered to be the stage of carcinoma in situ in cervical cancer?

answer

Noninvasive severe dysplasia

question

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of leukorrhea during the reproductive years?

answer

It does not contain any cells

question

Which of the following refers to fibrocystic breast disease?

answer

Progressive development of fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue

question

Which of the following causes inflammation of the vagina with a copious yellow discharge and foul odor?

answer

Trichomoniasis

question

A hard nodule in the peripheral area of the prostate gland is typical of:

answer

prostatic cancer

question

Structural abnormalities of the uterus may lead to dyspareunia, which is

answer

painful intercourse

question

What is a major predisposing factor to cervical cancer?

answer

infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV)

question

Which of the following is the common first site for metastasis from prostatic cancer?

answer

Bone

question

Which of the following indicates development of pregnancy induced hypertension?

answer

Persistent blood pressure measuring above 140/90

question

During which time period do teratogens cause major developmental damage to organs?

answer

First 2 months

question

What is the usual time period between the first day of the last menstrual period and the time of birth?

answer

Termed the gestation period

question

Which of the following statement applies to eclampsia?

answer

Blood pressure is very high and seizures may occur

question

What is the usual cause of hemolysis of fetal erythrocytes during pregnancy?

answer

the mother's blood is RH negative and the fetus is RH positive

question

Infertility in women may result from:

answer

endometriosis and hormonal imbalances

question

Which sexually transmitted infection(s) is/are usually considered asymptomatic in women?

answer

Chlamydia, Gonorrhead and Syphilis

question

With pelvic inflammatory disease, why does infection spread easily into the peritoneal cavity?

answer

The fallopian tubes are obstructed, and purulent exudate cannot drain into the uterus

question

scent pregnancy is often considered high risk because of:

answer

inadequate prenatal care. poor nutrition and lack of vitamin supplements. iron deficiency anemia.

question

Common effects of the expanding uterus during pregnancy include all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

low blood pressure

Pathophysiology Chapter 1-28 – Flashcards

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