question

An early sign of acute symptomatic viral hepatitis may include:

answer

distaste for coffee severe anorexia inability to smoke cigarettes

question

Alcoholic liver disease manifests in three stages. The intermediate stage, alcoholic hepatitis, is characterized by liver cell:

answer

necrosis

question

Kupffer cells function as ______ to remove harmful substances or cells from the portal blood as it moves through the venous sinusoids.

answer

phagocytes

question

Both prehepatic and posthepatic causes of portal hypertension include the formation of:

answer

venous obstruction.

question

The late manifestations of cirrhosis are related to liver failure and:

answer

portal hypertension.

question

The patient has right upper quadrant pain caused by acute "choledocholithiasis" (a gallstone in the common bile duct). If the common bile duct becomes obstructed, manifestations will also include:

answer

bilirubinuria

question

Individuals with liver disease often experience the effects of excess serum ammonia as a result of impairment of the liver's ability to process ammonia. How does the liver process ammonia in healthy individuals?

answer

By processing it into urea and releasing it into the circulation.

question

Antibody testing has confirmed that a man is positive for hepatitis A virus (HAV). Which of the patient's statements suggests that he understands his new diagnosis?

answer

"I don't know why I didn't bother to get vaccinated against this."

question

A 16-year-old girl has been admitted to the emergency department after ingesting 20 g of acetaminophen (Tylenol) in a suicide attempt. The care team would recognize that this patient faces a severe risk of:

answer

acute fulminant hepatitis.

question

Which of the following factors accounts for the poor prognosis that typically accompanies a diagnosis of primary hepatocellular cancer?

answer

The nonspecific symptomatology of liver cancer means that diagnosis often happens at a late stage.

question

In addition to being the site of gas exchange, the lungs also:

answer

contain cells that produce heparin.

question

Lung compliance is a measure of the change in ________that occurs with a change in intrapulmonary pressure.

answer

lung volume

question

The respiratory minute volume:

answer

represents total ventilation. is the amount of air exchanged in one minute.

question

A patient's recent history of emphysema has resulted in the functional loss of many alveoli. Which of the following physiologic functions is the primary role of type II alveoli?

answer

Production of surfactant

question

A respiratory therapist has asked a patient to breathe in as deeply as possible during a pulmonary function test. Inspiration is normally the result of which of the following phenomena?

answer

Decreased intrathoracic pressure

question

A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is undergoing pulmonary function testing. Which of the following instructions should the technician provide in order to determine the patient's forced vital capacity (FVC)?

answer

"I'll ask you to breathe in as deep as you can, and then blow out as much of that air as possible."

question

Completion of a patient's pulmonary function study has yielded the following data: tidal volume: 500 mL; inspiratory reserve: 3100 mL; expiratory reserve: 1200 mL; residual volume: 1200 mL; functional residual capacity: 2400 mL. What is this patient's inspiratory capacity?

answer

3600 mL

question

A patient with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia is producing copious secretions that are physically obstructing her airway. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes will impede her ability to cough and clear secretions?

answer

Decreased activity of abdominal muscles

question

A patient has experienced a bout of coughing after aspirating some of his secretions. The patient's coughing was triggered by which of the following?

answer

Signals from receptors in the tracheobronchial wall

question

The pathogenic capacity of the tubercle bacillus is related to:

answer

the initiation of a cell-mediated immune response.

question

Which of the four categories of bronchogenic carcinoma has the greatest association with tobacco smoking and tends to metastasize to the brain?

answer

Small cell

question

A nurse who provides weekly care in a homeless shelter has unknowingly inhaled airborne Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and has subsequently developed latent tuberculosis infection. Which of the following is true of this nurse?

answer

The nurse is likely asymptomatic.

question

Which of the following is not a common manifestation of lung cancer?

answer

Inability to secrete active proteins/hormones

question

Acute onset bronchial asthma causes wheezing and breathlessness as a result of:

answer

airway inflammation

question

Emphysema is characterized by hyperinflation of the lungs that produces increased:

answer

total lung capacity.

question

As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic obstructive bronchitis are prone to:

answer

right-sided heart failure.

question

The common results of respiratory failure are hypoxemia and:

answer

hypercapnia (increased CO2).

question

A patient with a history of emphysema is experiencing hypoxemia after a taxing physical therapy appointment. Which of the following physiologic phenomena will occur as a consequence of hypoxemia?

answer

Increased heart rate

question

A 51-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis after a long history of recurrent coughing. Which of the man's following statements demonstrates a sound understanding of his new diagnosis?

answer

"If I had quit smoking earlier than I did, I think I could have avoided getting bronchitis."

question

Which of the following is most likely to precipitate an asthmatic attack in a child with a diagnosis of extrinsic, or atopic, asthma?

answer

Pet dander

question

Smooth muscle relaxation and shunting of blood into the sinusoids is mediated by _______ and results in a penile erection.

answer

nitric oxide

question

Men older than age 50 are at high risk for prostatic hypertrophy with complications that include:

answer

urine retention.

question

The most important factor in the evaluation and treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) is considered to be:

answer

subjective symptoms reported by the patient.

question

Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is a direct cause of:

answer

infertility.

question

Which of the following physiologic processes results from the synthesis and release of testosterone?

answer

Musculoskeletal growth

question

After seeking care due to recent history of testicular enlargement and scrotal pain, a 22-year-old college student has been diagnosed with testicular cancer. Which of the patient's following statements indicates the need for further teaching?

answer

"I can't shake this feeling like I've received a death sentence."

question

Which of the following assessments is most likely to reveal a potential exacerbation in a 70-year-old patient's diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

answer

Bladder ultrasound

question

Which of the following statements about screening for prostate cancer is most accurate?

answer

BPH and prostatitis can confound prostate screening results.

question

Acute cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix characterized by:

answer

mucopurulent drainage.

question

Carcinoma of the cervix is often considered to be a sexually transmitted disease associated with_____ viral infection.

answer

human papilloma

question

Pelvic inflammatory disease, an inflammation of the female upper reproductive tract, is caused by:

answer

STD polymicrobial infection.

question

Although there are no effective screening methods for ovarian cancer, and early symptoms are usually absent, there are high-risk indicators that include:

answer

nulliparity.

question

Women are screened regularly for risk factors and manifestations of breast cancer. High-risk women may have a history of:

answer

late menopause

question

A 21-year-old college student has sought care because of the vaginal burning, itching, and redness that have become worse in recent weeks. Which of the clinician's assessment questions is most likely to apply to a diagnosis of vaginitis?

answer

"Have you ever had a sexually transmitted infection?"

question

A 29-year-old patient had a Papanicolaou smear performed during her most recent visit to her primary care provider. This diagnostic procedure aims to identify:

answer

dysplastic cervical cells.

question

Which of the following physiologic processes is caused by estrogens?

answer

Promotion of ovarian follicle growth

question

Which of the following complaints by middle-aged women should prompt a care provider to rule out the possibility of ovarian cancer?

answer

"I'm having a lot of indigestion and bloating, which are both new to me."

question

Which of the following processes is a component of the pathogenesis of proliferative breast lesions without atypia?

answer

Growth of ductile or lobular epithelial cells

question

A 59-year-old woman with a recent diagnosis of breast cancer has begun a course of hormone therapy. What is the goal of this pharmacologic treatment?

answer

Blocking receptors on the surface of malignant cells

question

Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus, and is characterized by:

answer

purulent exudates.

question

As with other ulcerative sexually transmitted infections (STIs), genital herpes (herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2) increases the risk of:

answer

HIV transmission.

question

While in its dormant state, herpes simplex virus resides and replicates in the:

answer

dorsal root ganglia.

question

A serious complication of chlamydial infections in women is:

answer

fallopian tube damage.

question

Of those listed, which is the most likely vaginal infection to be spread through sexual contact?

answer

trichomoniasis

question

Which of the following phenomena is thought to underlie the underestimation of STI incidence?

answer

Decreased reporting of cases of certain STIs

question

A 22-year-old patient has presented to her primary care provider for her scheduled Pap smear. Abnormal results of this diagnostic test may imply infection with:

answer

human papillomavirus (HPV).

question

A female college student is distressed at the recent appearance of genital warts, an assessment finding that her care provider has confirmed as attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Which of the following information should the care provider give the patient?

answer

"There is a chance that these will clear up on their own without any treatment.

question

Which of the following signs and symptoms is most clearly suggestive of primary genital herpes in a male patient?

answer

Itching, pain, and the emergence of pustules on the penis

question

Which of the following STIs is most likely to respond to treatment with the antibiotics tetracycline or doxycycline?

answer

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)

question

Which of the following sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is associated with an increased risk of infertility in women due to asymptomatic infection?

answer

Chlamydial infection

question

Abnormally high accumulation of bilirubin in the blood causes biliary cirrhosis.

answer

False

question

Neurotoxin accumulation is a major factor in the development of hepatic encephalopathy.

answer

True

question

A decrease in the serum level of alkaline phosphate is suggestive of liver injury.

answer

False

question

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to remove foreign materials.

answer

True

question

Intrapleural pressure is always negative in relation to alveolar pressure.

answer

True

question

Total airway resistance is contributed primarily by the sum of the large bronchial resistance.

answer

True

question

A distinguishing feature of viral influenza is direct contact transmission.

answer

False

question

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is directly associated with cervical dysplasia.

answer

True

question

Symptomatic tertiary syphilis is characterized by necrotic gummas.

answer

True

question

Palmar rash is associated with the primary stage of syphilis.

answer

False

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