Pathogenesis of Infection – Flashcards
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| What does path stand for? |
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| disease |
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| What is pathogenicity? |
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| the presence of disease |
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| What is pathogenesis? |
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| how the disease process unfolds |
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| colonization |
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| when the organism comes into the body, attaches to you, starts growing, but you don't know about it yet. |
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| What are the reasons that infection does not always occur? 7 |
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| wrong anatomical site, lack of appropriate receptors, presence of antibacterial factors, presence of indigenous microflors, good health of host, host humoral immunity, host cellular immunity |
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| Four phases of inectious disease: incubation period |
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| infecting you, the thing is growing but you have no symptoms. a lot of times, they're infectious |
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| Four phases of inectious disease: prodromal period |
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| "I feel funny but I don't know why" -- the symptoms are not specific enough to figure out what is going on. |
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| Four phases of inectious disease: acute phase (period of illness) |
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| typical signs and symptoms are coming up |
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| Four phases of inectious disease: convalescent phase |
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| recovery period |
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| Classification of infections: localized infections |
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| little infection in one area. Immune system is working |
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| Classification of infections: systemic |
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| spreads throughout entire system |
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| Classification of infections: acute |
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| signs and symptoms come up quickly and disappear quickly |
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| Classification of infections: chronic |
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| symptoms come slowly and take a long time to disappear |
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| Classification of infections: subacute |
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| in between acute and chronic. |
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| What is a sign of a disease |
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| can be measured by a doctor (blood in stool, etc) |
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| What is a symptom of a disease |
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| can only be detected by the patient (lower back pain, fatigue, etc) |
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| Classification of infection: latent |
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| sitting there, you have it |
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| Classification of infection: primary |
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| perfectly healthy, then you get influenza (primary) |
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| Classification of infection: secondary |
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| influenza puts them in a position to get a secondary infection, and they die from that. |
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| Classification of infection: virulence |
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| measurement of how pathogenic a particular bug is. |
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| Classification of infection: avirulence |
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| bug is not there at all |
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| What are the steps in pathogenesis of infectious diseases |
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| entry, attachment, multiplication, invasion/spread, evasion of host defenses, damage to host tissue |
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| What steps are considered "colonization" in pathogenesis of infectious diseases? |
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| extry, attachment, multiplication |
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| Why are virulence factors beneficial? |
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| they make the bug competitive in their native environment |
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| What factors affect virulence? |
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| receptors, adhesins (), ligans, fimbrae (helps bug attach), capsules, flagella |
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| Define exoenzymes |
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| enzymes outside the cell: there are major pathogenic mechanism |
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| What are necrotizing enzymes? |
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| enzymes that kills tissue quickly |
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| What are examples of necrotizing enzymes? |
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| steptoccus pyogenes and clostridium spp |
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| What is coagulase? |
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| it is not an enzyme, it is a protein A, aids in clot formation |
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| Exoenzymes: Kinases (3) |
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| dissolve clots, streptokinase and staphylokinase |
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| Exoenzymes: hyauronidase |
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| it liquifies tissues. it is the "spreading factor" |
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| What do hyaluronidases destroy? |
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| hyaluronic acid |
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| what are three examples of hyaluronidases? |
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| staph, strep, clostridia |
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| Exoenzymes: collagenase |
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| breaks down collagen (which acts like a glue) |
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| What is clostridium perfringens an example of? |
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| collagenases |
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| Exoenzymes: hemolysins, defined |
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| they want to get iron (iron acquisition will shut down RBC through hemolysis) |
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| What two things do hemolysins do? |
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| damage erythrocytes and provide a source of iron |
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| What does lecithinase do? |
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| liquifies cell membranes |
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| What two things does lecithinase do? |
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| breaks down phospholipids and disrupts cell membranes |
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| Where is the gram negative bacteria found? |
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| on the outer membrane |
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| What are the 5 endotoxins? |
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| gram-negative bacteria, Lipid-A, pyrogen, shock, and septic shock |
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| What is septic shock? |
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| low grade fever, feeling clammy, mental disorientation |
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| What are secreted from the cell to do their work systemically? |
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| exotoxins |
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| What are two examples of neurotozins? |
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| clostridium tetani and C. botulinum |
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| Where are enterotoxins found? |
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| in the gastrointestinal area (diarrhea and vomiting) |
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| What is the exfoliative toxin? |
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| sloughing off epidermal layers |
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| What kill leukocytes |
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| leukocidins |
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| What does the diphtheria toxin do? |
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| it is non pathogenic unless it gets a toxin gene delivered from the transduction process of a bacteriophage, it becomes incorporated into the genome and is expressed |
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| What are the four major exotoxins? |
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| leukocidins, diptheria toxin, shiga toxin, shiga-like toxins |
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| Where would you find a shiga-like toxin? |
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| a rare hamburger |
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| TF some bugs can circumvent phagocytosis |
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| T |
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| TF no bugs can survive and multiply within phagocytes |
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| False |
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| What are the 5 intracellular survival mechanisms? |
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| phagocytes some pathogens can multiply within phagocytes resistant cell wall composition prevent fusion of lysosome with phagosome destroy phagosome membrane |
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| How do bugs use fusion to help survive intracellularly? |
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| they prevent fusion of the lysosome with phagosome |
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| How do bugs survive intracellularly in the context of phagosome membranes? |
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| they destroy them |
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| What are the 4 ways pathogens escape immune response? |
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| antigenic variation, camouflage, molecular mimicry, destruction of antibodies |
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| antigenic variation: trypanosomes |
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| they are protozoa that cause E/W African sleep sickness. Immune system can't see the bug because the antigens change the presenting antigens all the time |
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| Escaping immune response: camouflage, and an example |
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| they make antigens that look like the patients own molecules (schistosomes) |
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| molecular mimicry example |
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| hyaluronic acid capsule of strep |
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| What do bugs have to do to be able to do destroy antibodies? |
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| work through our membranes |
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| What are IgA proteases |
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| IgA is used to prevent bugs, but bugs that have the protease helps them to penetrate the membrane |
