question

The clinical significance of BPH resides in its tendency to compress the ________ and cause partial/complete obstruction of urinary outflow, resulting in over-distention of the bladder.

answer

Urethra

question

Testicular __________ is a twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis.

answer

torsion

question

Testicular torsion obstructs venos drainage, with resultant edema and hemorrhage and subsequent _______ obstruction. This is a medical emergency needing imediate attention.

answer

Arterial

question

____________ cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, and the highest rates in the world are found in the United States.

answer

Prostate

question

A weak urinary stream, postvoid dribbling, frequency of urination, and nocturia are classic symptoms of an enlarged prostate.

answer

True

question

In regards to polycystic ovary syndrome, elevated _________ _________ results in increased androgen productio and contributes to a vicious cycle of anovulation and multiple cyst formation. (Please spell out)

answer

Luteinizing hormone

question

Certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses are risk factors for a neoplasia, which can be a precursor lesion of invasive carcinoma.

answer

True

question

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common ___________ disorder.

answer

Endocrine

question

Risk factors for ______ ______ include increasing age, family history and hormonal influences (late menopause).

answer

Breast cancer

question

Ovarian cancer has severe early symptoms and is most often diagnosed in its early stages.

answer

False

question

Symptoms that are believed to have a strong correlation to ______ _______ include increased abdominal size, dyspepsia, early satiety or bloating.

answer

Ovarian cancer

question

________ therapy is used to block the effects of estrogen on the growth of breast cancer cells.

answer

Hormone

question

________ represents an inflammation of the vagina that is characterized by vaginal discharge and burning, itching, redness and swelling of the vaginal tissues. Infections transmitted sexually are a common cause.

answer

Vaginitis

question

Cancer of the breast is the most common cancer in females.

answer

True

question

The incidence of _______ _______ is much lower in countries where women bear numerous children.

answer

Ovarian cancer

question

_______ lubricates the hair and skin, preventing evaporation of moisture and helps conserve body heat.

answer

Sebum

question

________ is an unpleasant sensation of itch leading to the desire to scratch.

answer

Puritius

question

________ are small fluid-filled blisters (often seen with Herpes).

answer

Vesicles

question

The ________ ______ are structures that become inflamed in acne.

answer

Sebaceous glands

question

_____________, or the sensation of itch, is a symptom common to many skin disorders.

answer

pruritus

question

Sebaceous glands, which release a lubricant for the skin and hair, are located over the entire skin surface except for the palms, soles, and sides of the feet.

answer

True

question

Skin cancers affect light-skinned persons more commonly than dark-skinned persons.

answer

True

question

Although ________ represents a small subset of skin cancers, it is the most deadly since it's a rapidly progressing, metastatic form of cancer.

answer

Melanoma

question

_______-_______ full-thickness burns involve the entire epidermis and dermis.

answer

Second degree

question

Varicella in adults is of similar significance and severity as in children.

answer

False

question

Allergic and hypersensitivity ___________ involved the inflammatory response to multiple agents. The disorders are usually characterized by edema.

answer

Dermatoses

question

The structure of the skin renders it susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections but resistant to viral infections.

answer

False

question

_________ instability begins almost immediately with injury to capillaries in the burned area and surrounding tissue. Patients often present with hypovolemic shock in the ER.

answer

Hemodynamic

question

This produces direct damage to the DNA and other nuclear proteins (in the skin) and produced free radicals: _______ radiation.

answer

Ultraviolet

question

Moderate to severe cases of ____ may be managed with systemic antibiotics.

answer

Acne

question

Dysplastic (pre-cancerous) _____ are usually larger than others. Their appearance is flat, slightly raised plaque with a pebbly surface.

answer

Nevi

question

This disease is usually manifested by raised, well-demarcated, erythematous plaques with adherent silvery scales:_________. Histologically it is characterized by increased epidermal turnover with marked epidermal thickening.

answer

Psoriasis

question

This common childhood disease is characterized by macules over various parts of the body, mild to extreme puritus and cold-like symptoms: _________.

answer

Varicella, Chickenpox

question

Malignant melanoma, which is a malignant tumor of melanocytes, is a rapidly progressive and metastatic form of skin cancer.

answer

True

question

PTH prevents serum calcium levels from falling below and serum ________ levels rising above normal physiologic concentrations.

answer

Phosphate

question

The process of bone formation and mineral metabolism is complex and involves the interplay among the actions of PTH, ____________, and vitamin D.

answer

calcitonin

question

The articulating areas of a joint are nourished indirectly by the ______ _____ rather than by blood vessels.

answer

Synovial fluid

question

The tendons and ligaments of the joint capsule are sensitive to position and movement, particularly stretching and twisting. Their _________ function reflexively to adjust the tension of the muscles that support the joint.

answer

Proprioceptors

question

Whereas PTH increases blood calcium levels, the hormone _______ lowers blood calcium levels.

answer

Calcitonin

question

________ involves reabsorption of the excess bony callus that develops in the marrow space and encircles the fracture site.

answer

Remodeling

question

_______________ represents an acute or chronic infection of the bone and is very difficult to treat and eradicate.

answer

Osteomyelitis

question

_________ formation is thought to be necessary for the initiation of cellular events essential to bone healing.

answer

Hematoma

question

______________ is an aggressive and highly malignant bone tumor with primary symptoms of deep localized pain with nighttime awakening and swelling in the affected bone.

answer

Osteosarcoma

question

The treatment of bone tumors includes surgery in combination with multi-agent ________, both before and after surgery.

answer

Chemotherapy

question

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a childhood disorder that specifically involves the knee.

answer

False

question

__________ is an aggressive and highly malignant tumor of the bone.

answer

Osteosarcoma

question

All forms of scoliosis can be corrected with continued use of a brace.

answer

False

question

____________ osteomylitis originates with infectious organisms that reach bone through the bloodstream.

answer

Hematogenous

question

[X] __________ [Y] _______ fractures occur when normal stress is applied to bones that have been weakened by disease or tumors.

answer

Pathologic, stress

question

[X]_____-[Y]_____-[Z]_____ disease is an ideopathic osteoneocrotic disease of the proximal femoral epiphysis with later reabsorption.

answer

Legg, Calve, Perthes

question

Sclerosis, or formation of new bone and cysts, usually occurs at the joint margins, forming abnormal bony outgrowths called estophytes or spurs. This is charachteristic of _________.

answer

Osteoarthritis

question

_________ of joints (crepitus) and joint locking may occur when the joint is moved.

answer

Cracking

question

_______________ arthritis is a systemic inflammatory disease that attacks joints by producing a proliferative synovitis that leads to destruction of the articular cartilage and underlying bone.

answer

Rheumatoid

question

The pathogenesis of ___________ ________ can be viewed as an aberrant immune response that leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture.

answer

Rheumatoid arthritis

question

_______ is a condition that is common to all metabolic bone diseases.

answer

Osteopenia

question

Regular exercise and adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are important factors in preventing ________. Calcitonin is also one of the drugs used in treatment.

answer

Osteoporosis

question

Often, the first manifestations of the disorder are those that accompany a skeletal-fracture, a _________ compression or fracture of the hip, pelvis, humerus or other bones

answer

Vertebral

question

_______________ is a skeletal disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and deterioration of the architecture of cancellous bone with a subsequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures.

answer

Osteoporosis

question

Arthalgias and arthritis are among the most common occurring early symptoms of [X]_______ [Y]______ [Z]________. Renal involvement occurs in about half to two-thirds of persons as well.

answer

Systemic, Lupus, Erythematosus

question

All persons affected with rheumatoid arthritis have the presence of the rheumatoid factor, an auto antibody that reacts with a fragment of immunoglobulin G to form immune complexes.

answer

False

question

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect virtually any organ system, including the musculoskeletal system.

answer

True

question

Rheumatic disorders have signs and symptoms that are limited to the skeletal system.

answer

False

question

Premature __________ is increasingly being seen in female athletes owing to an increased prevalence of eating disorders and amenorrhea.

answer

Osteoporosis

question

_______________ is a condition that is common to all metabolic bone diseases and is characterized by a reduction in bone mass greater than expected for age, race, or sex.

answer

Osteopenia

Patho Unit 7 – Flashcards

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