Patho Practice questions exam 1 – Flashcards
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A reduction in circulating HCO3- due to kidney dysfunction would result in (compensation)
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respiratory compensation
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A decrease in pCO2 is a manifestation of
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respiratory alkalosis
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What is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid?
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sodium
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Which force is caused by proteins or other molecules that can pull fluid from the interstitial space into the intravascular space
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osmotic pressure
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When cells are in a hypotonic solution they (swell, lyse, remain the same)
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swell
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Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through
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perspiration and expiration
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Release of antidiuretic hormone results in
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water retention
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the control center for thirst is located in the
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hypothalamus
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An elevelation of which electrolyte can be associated with severe cardiac arrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest?
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potassium
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water tends to move together with which electrolyte?
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sodium
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Which of the following is the primary control of serum sodium levels?
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aldosterone
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Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because
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Insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction
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effect of parathyroid hormone
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Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
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Which of the following cellular accumulations is indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism?
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intracellular accumulations
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first responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation and ingest bacteria and cellular debris
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neutrophils
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releases its characteristic granules histamine and heparin
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mast cells
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Hand washing is an important example of an action to break the chain of infection at which link?
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means of transmission
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What does leukocytosis, specifically neutrophilia, frequently indicate?
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bacterial infections
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Hypersensitivity reaction that involves the deposition of antigen/antibody complexes that lead to inflammatory destruction of tissue
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type III
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Immune response stimulated by the presence of cells from another individual of the same species
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alloimmunity
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A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which of the following phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function? a) Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility b) Ischemic atrophy resulting from vascular changes while on bedrest c) Dysplasia as a consequence of inflammation during bone remodeling d) Impaired muscle cell metabolism resulting from metaplasia
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A
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When caring for a client during the proliferative phase of wound healing, the nurse teaches the client that which of these processes is taking place? a) Fibroblasts secrete collagen for wound healing. b) Scar tissue formation is complete. c) Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin to form a blood clot in the area. d) White blood cells phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris.
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A
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The nurse in an infectious-disease clinic will primarily treat injuries to tissues and cells caused by: a) oncogenic agents. b) biologic agents. c) calcification. d) chemical agents.
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B
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Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)? a) Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs b) Carrying amino acids to the site of protein synthesis c) Copying and carrying DNA instructions for protein synthesis d) Regulating and controlling protein synthesis
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A
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Which of the following statements is true in relation to lead exposure? a) Lead is absorbed through the skin. b) Increased calcium levels increases the risk of lead poisoning. c) Lead is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs. d) Increased iron increases the risk of lead poisoning.
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C
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A nurse on the oncology ward in the hospital is doing some background research to better understand the molecular basis of cancer. She comes to the understanding that transformed cancer cells are very similar to a normal type of cell, with the exception of regulation of division. Which cell type found in the normal state is most similar to a cancer cell? a) Simple squamous cells b) Smooth muscle cells c) Stem cells d) Glial cells
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C
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Select the organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances that are taken into the cell. a) Lysosomes b) Proteasomes c) Peroxisomes d) Ribosomes
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A
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The nurse is aware of the importance of potassium and sodium for normal physiologic functions of a client. The rapid movement of potassium and sodium in actions is known as: a) Primary active transport b) Endocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Vesicular transport
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A
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The nurse is evaluating the wounds of four clients. Select the client most likely to be treated with hyperbarically delivered oxygen. a) A second-degree burn of the left hand and arm on a 5-year-old child b) Skin tears on the arm and shoulder of an 82-year-old patient c) An infected foot wound on a 45-year-old patient with peripheral vascular disease d) A sutured abdominal surgical site on an obese 50-year-old patient
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C
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The nurse is counseling a heavy smoker about the dangers of smoking. The nurse tells the smoker that the due to persistent irritation of the lungs from carcinogens, columnar cells may turn into squamous cells as a method of adaptation known as which of the following? a) Anaplasia b) Hyperplasia c) Dysplasia d) Metaplasia
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D
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A couple has chosen to pay for the harvesting and storage of umbilical cord blood after the delivery of their child to secure a future source of embryonic stem cells. What is the most likely rationale for the couple's decision? a) The embryonic stem cells allow stable and permanent tissues to enter mitosis. b) The stem cells can change the proliferative capacity of other cells. c) The embryonic stem cells remove cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors from the body. d) The stem cells may be able to produce a wide range of body cells.
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D
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Although energy is not made in mitochondria, they are known as the "power plants" of the cell because they: a) Extract energy from organic compounds b) Store calcium bonds for muscle contractions c) Contain RNA for protein synthesis d) Utilize glycolysis for oxidative energy
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A
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The nurse is caring for a client whose temperature is increasing. The nurse is aware that the client will also experience an increase in: a) White blood cell count b) Respiratory rate c) Heart rate d) Blood pressure
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C
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The cell surface is surrounded by a cell coat (glycocalyx.). Select the most important function of the cell coat. a) Cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion b) Modification of materials synthesized in the ER c) Serving as sites for protein synthesis in the cell d) Provision of the information necessary for the synthesis of the various proteins
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A
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While caring for a client who has just been diagnosed with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD), the client asks why he is always sick with an infection. The nurse responds, "LAD is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results in recurrent infections because of the lack of transmigration. This means: a) I don't really understand this, but it sounds like a good question to ask your physician." b) Your bone marrow is damaged and can't put out enough white blood cells to fight off your infections." c) Your body doesn't make enough white blood cells." d) Your white blood cells are not able to leave the blood vessels and move into the area of infection."
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D
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A client has been diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects his voltage-gated sodium channels, increasing his risk of sudden cardiac death. In a healthy individual, ion channels: a) selectively allow the passage of lipophilic substances. b) bind sodium to potassium, producing a small electrical charge. c) allow for membrane potentials to be established in excitable cells. d) open and close in response to changes in the electrical charge in blood cells.
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C
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Cadherins, selectins and some integrins, which are adhesion molecules, depend on which of the following to function in cell adhesion? a) Iron b) Sodium c) Potassium d) Calcium
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D
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Which of the following statements regarding cell metabolism is most accurate? a) The aerobic pathway occurs in the cytoplasm. b) Anabolism consists of breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy. c) Glycolysis also provides energy in situations when delivery of oxygen to the cells is delayed. d) Energy from foodstuffs is used to convert ATP to ADP.
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C
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Exocytosis allows granular content to be released into extracellular fluid by: a) Destroying particles by lysosomal enzymes for secretion b) Engulfing and ingesting fluid and proteins for transport c) Killing, degrading, and dissolving harmful microorganisms d) Removing cellular debris and releasing synthesized substances such as hormones
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D
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The student is examining a tissue sample with a microscope. The student decides that it is squamous keratinized tissue. Which type of epithelial tissue is the student viewing? a) Neuroepithelium b) Stratified epithelium c) Simple epithelium d) Glandular
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B
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Impairment in the function of peroxisomes would result in: a) Inadequate sites for protein synthesis b) Accumulation of free radicals in the cytoplasm c) An inability to transport cellular products across the cell membrane d) Insufficient energy production within a cell
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B
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The number of mitochondria in a given cell type is largely determined by: a) The type of activity the cell performs b) The gender of the host organism c) The number of like cells within the organism d) The amount of nutrition it is provided
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A
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The nurse is providing discharge instructions for a postoperative client. The nurse determines that teaching about the wound was effective when the client states: a) "I will regain tensile strength of unwounded skin at the end of 3 months." b) "At the end of the first week, wound strength is approximately 100%." c) "I have no activity restrictions now that my wound is strong." d) "I will regain tensile strength in 1 month."
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A
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While studying for a pathophysiology exam on cells and tissue repair, a student asks, "What happens if, in the process of going through the cell cycle, a cell is damaged?" Which is the best response? a) "The cell will complete its cycle with an end result that one of the daughter cells will not be identical to that of the parent cell." b) "I guess that is how you get skin cancer, the defect was allowed to complete the cycle and continue reproducing defective cells." c) "There are built in checkpoints in the cell cycle to allow for defects to be edited and repaired." d) "The cell will die at that point since it will not have an accurate DNA replication."
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C
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A child is brought to the emergency department after falling and cutting the leg on a piece of fencing. While explaining the process of normal tissue repair, the nurse explains that certain cells, like fibroblasts, proliferate at times like this with the production of: a) glucocorticoids that help with the "fight or flight" reaction. b) nerve fibers to assist with building new connections between the new tissue and the injured tissue. c) blood clots to help stop the bleeding from the injured tissue. d) growth factors to help the cells respond and expand in numbers to repair the injury.
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D
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Which of the following clients would be considered a good candidate for hyperbaric oxygen therapy? a) An older adult with history of diabetes and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs) who received a laceration while on the lawnmower b) A fifth grade student who fell on the playground and broke his femur and developed large hematoma over the injured leg c) A middle-aged adult who got in a fight and received a laceration above the eye d) A motorcycle accident client with lots of "road rash" requiring scrubbing of the wounds with a brush to remove all the debris
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A
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The nurse completing an assessment on a client in systemic inflammatory response syndrome anticipates which of the following findings? a) Decreased ESR b) Circulatory shock c) Dehydration d) Leukopenia
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B
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The objective of tissue regeneration in wound healing is to: a) Minimize pain resulting from the injury b) Fill in the gap caused by tissue damage c) Remodel the area to preinjury appearance d) Restore injured tissue to its original structure
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D
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A client is experiencing the early stages of an inflammatory process and develops leukocytosis. The nurse recognizes this as an: a) Decrease in blood supply to the affected area b) Decrease in eosinophils at the tissue injury site c) Increase in circulating neutrophils d) Increase in cell production
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C
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During the synthesis phase of the cell cycle, the cell is: a) undergoing a period of DNA synthesis and replication of the chromosomes. b) starting to prepare for DNA replication and mitosis. c) synthesizing enzymes and other proteins needed for cellular division. d) forming a mitotic spindle and dividing the cells into 2 daughter cells.
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A
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What should the nurse administer to a client who was bitten by a stray cat? a) Tetanus immunization b) Varicella vaccination c) One oral dose of antibiotics d) Administration of oral steroids
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A
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The nurse is caring for a client with a chronic wound. The most important intervention for the nurse to include in the plan of care would be: a) Protein-controlled diet b) Steroid therapy c) Vitamin C and Zinc supplements d) Low-carbohydrate diet
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C
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The nurse is caring for a client whose temperature is increasing. The nurse is aware that the client will also experience an increase in: a) Blood pressure b) Respiratory rate c) Heart rate d) White blood cell count
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C
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A client has presented to the emergency department after he twisted his ankle while playing soccer. Which assessment findings are cardinal signs that the client is experiencing inflammation? Select all that apply. a) The ankle appears to be swollen b) The ankle is warmer than the unaffected ankle c) The client's ankle is visibly red d) The client is experiencing pain e) The ankle is bleeding
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ABCD
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Researchers wish to reactivate the cell cycle in nonproliferating cells to assist the body to repair tissue. To reactivate the cycle, which substance will the researchers need to remove from the cell? a) Chromosomes b) Cyclin B c) CDK inhibitors d) Progenitor cells
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C
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Following surgery for appendicitis, a teenaged client notes four small "stab" wounds on the abdomen. The client is obviously worried about body appearance. The nurse explains, "Your body will heal quickly and tissue repair will allow for regeneration of any cells needed." The client asks, "What does regeneration mean?" The nurse responds that tissue repair by regeneration means: a) "Your blood will send stem cells to the area to allow it to heal faster than normal." b) "Your body will develop a complex matrix of cells that will fill-in the scar giving it greater structure than before." c) "Any injured cells are replaced with cells of the same time. Therefore, after healing, the wound will look like your surrounding skin." d) "Your body will fill-in the wound with connective tissue, making the scar area very strong."
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C
