Patho Midterm** most cancer – Flashcards
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Which feature is characteristic of malignant tumor?
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Has a high mitotic index
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The process by which a cell acquires specific new observable characteristics is:
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differentiation
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Preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin are referred to as:
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cancer in situ
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A 25-year-old male develops a tumor of the breast glandular tissue. This type of tumor is classified as a(n):
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adenocarcinoma
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A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer. Testing reveals that the cancer cells have spread to local lymph nodes. This cancer would be stage:
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3
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When a cancer cell loses differentiation, _____ has occurred
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Anaplasia
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A physician is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker?
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Enzymes
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A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased?
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Alpha-fetoprotein
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The best explanation for higher rates of cancer in older populations is:
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the development of cancer requires several mutations over time
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In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate:
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new blood vessel growth
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Presence of telomere caps gives cancer cells:
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immortality
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A proto-oncogene is best defined as:
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a normal gene
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Of the following genetic lesions that cause cancer, which is the most common?
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Point mutations
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A child develops retinoblastoma. Which of the following must have occurred?
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Mutations in the rb gene occurred in both copies of the gene
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A 50-year-old female develops skin cancer. One potential reason for development of this condition is:
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mutation of caretaker genes
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A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?
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Human papilloma virus
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A 30-year-old American male with HIV is diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus. After 2 months, the virus is still active. What is the concern for this patient?
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Development of B cell lymphoma
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A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient?
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Gastric cancer
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A 40-year-old female was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, for which she refused treatment. Four years later she returned to her physician. Testing revealed that the cancer had metastasized to the:
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liver
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Which of the following factors is necessary for local tumor spread?
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Increased cellular motility
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The most common route of metastasis is through the:
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lymphatics
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The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to:
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cigarette smoke
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Chromosome aberrations and mutations in cells not directly irradiated are referred to as:
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bystander effects
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A 50-year-old female develops skin cancer on her head and neck following years of sunbathing. Which of the following cancers is the most likely?
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Basal cell carcinoma
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A 50-year-old female develops breast and colorectal cancers. Which of the following dietary factors most likely would have increased her risk for developing these cancers?
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ETOH
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A 25-year-old nursing student recently learned how diet can alter the chances of developing cancer. He tries to minimize his risks of developing the disease by ordering his steak:
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rare
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Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking?
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ETOH
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A 25-year-old female was diagnosed with cervical cancer. History reveals she had many sexual partners, which she indicates is "too many to count." Which of the following is most likely to have caused her cancer?
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HPV-16
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Physical activity was shown to reduce the risk of which of the following types of cancer?
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Colon
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A 65-year-old male was recently diagnosed with cancer. He is retired from construction work. Which of the following cancers is he likely to develop secondary to occupational hazards?
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Mesothelioma
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Indoor pollution is considered worse than outdoor pollution because of cigarette smoke and:
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radon
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A water test recently revealed arsenic levels above 200 ug/L. Which of the following cancers would be most likely to develop in those who consistently drank the water?
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Skin
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The most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment is:
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fatigue
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A 50-year-old female is suffering from anorexia, anemia, asthenia, weight loss, and altered metabolism resulting in malnutrition. She was previously diagnosed with cancer. Which of the following describes her symptoms?
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Cachexia
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Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer cause:
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a diabetes-like syndrome
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Individuals with cancer are often at risk for infections because of:
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leukopenia
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Which of the following is the most significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients?
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Infection
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A 75-year-old male was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. The cancer had not metastasized upon diagnosis. Which of the following factors would most predispose this patient to infection?
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Age
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To be curative, chemotherapy must eradicate:
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enough cancer cells so that the body's own defenses can kill any remaining cells
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A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with melanoma. Which of the following treatments would most likely be used first?
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Immunotherapy
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Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used:
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after surgical removal of a tumor
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Biologic response modifiers are a form of:
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immunotherapy
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All of the following represent goals of radiation therapy except:
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to replace chemotherapy
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A 50-year-old male discovers a mass growing in his mouth. A biopsy reveals that the mass is benign. Which of the following treatments would most likely be recommended?
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Surgical removal
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Gastrointestinal alterations, such as nausea and mucosal erosions, are common side effects of chemotherapy treatment because:
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chemotherapy agents target rapidly dividing cells in the oral and intestinal linings
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A 30-year-old female is diagnosed with cancer and put on chemotherapy treatment. Which of the following would help to relieve some of the side effects?
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Red cell transfusion
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Most childhood cancers originate from the:
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mesodermal germ layer
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A 4-year-old male was recently diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following characterizes this type of cancer?
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Embryonic tumor
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The most common malignancy in children is:
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leukemia
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A 3-year-old female was diagnosed with Wilms tumor. This disease is a tumor of the:
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kidney
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A couple brings their child to his physician for a checkup. The child has Down syndrome, and the couple is concerned about other diseases that could afflict the child. The physician explains that young children with Down syndrome are at higher risk for developing:
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leukemia
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A newborn male is born with heart failure. Three weeks later he receives a heart transplant. Which of the following is he at the highest risk for developing?
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Leukemia
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A 40-year-old female developed adenocarcinoma of the vagina. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer?
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Prenatal exposure to DES
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A 16-year-old male with aspirations of becoming a bodybuilder spends 3 hours a day in the gym. Five years later he develops hepatocellular carcinoma. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the cancer?
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Anabolic steroids
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A 45-year-old female undergoes splenectomy to remove a tumor. Which of the following is most likely to occur following surgery?
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Leukocytosis
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A cell that can differentiate into any tissue type is referred to as:
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pluripotent
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A 70-year-old male is brought to the emergency room, where he dies shortly thereafter. Autopsy reveals polycythemia vera. His death was most likely the result of:
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cerebral thrombosis
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A 67-year-old male was diagnosed with polycythemia vera but refused treatment. His condition is at risk for converting to:
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acute myeloid leukemia
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Leukocytosis can be defined as:
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A high leukocyte count
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A 35-year-old male was diagnosed with hepatitis B. Further tests revealed neutropenia characterized by a neutrophil count less than _____ per milliliter.
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2000
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Known causes of acute leukemia include:
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chemotherapy treatment for other cancers
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A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following could be associated with his disease?
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Down syndrome
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A 5-year-old female is diagnosed with acute leukemia. She will most likely be treated with:
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Chemotherapy
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Multiple myeloma can be defined as a neoplasm of:
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B cells
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A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. He complains of severe pain. This pain can be attributed to:
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destruction of bone tissue
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The country with the lowest rate of Hodgkin lymphoma is:
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Japan
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A 62-year-old female tells her health care provider she has been experiencing regular night sweats that cause her to wake up drenched. She also remarks that she has been unintentionally losing weight. Physical exam reveals enlarged lymph nodes on her neck that do not appear to be painful. She should be screened for which of the following cancers?
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Hodgkin lymphoma
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A 10-year-old male presents with abdominal swelling, night sweats, fever, and weight loss. He is diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
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A common, life-threatening complication of a thrombus in a deep vein is:
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pulmonary embolus
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A 1-year-old is diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The most serious concern is development of:
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intracranial bleeding
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The most common childhood cancer is:
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acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. Which of the following symptoms would be expected?
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Fatigue
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A 10-year-old male with Down syndrome undergoes chemotherapy for cancer. Following treatment, he is most susceptible to:
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acute myelogenous leukemia
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A 10-year-old female is diagnosed with a malignancy in the brain and lung. DNA analysis reveals translocation at chromosome 7 and 14. The most likely diagnosis is:
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lymphoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma
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Which condition increases the risk of developing malignant lymphoma?
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AIDS
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The most common cx of elevated levels of ADH?
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Cancer
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A severe consequence of SIADH is:
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Neurologic damage
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A 22- year old male is admitted to the ICU with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident The injury has cxed severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should be anticipated?
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Dehydration from polyuria
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A side effect of some general anesthetic agents is _____DI.
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Nephrogenic
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DI, DM, and SIADH share which of the following CM:
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Thirst
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A 50-year old male pt presents with polyuria and extreme thirst. He was given exogenous ADH. For which of the following would this be effective
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Neurogenic DI
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A 25-year old male presents with fatigue, constipation, and sexual dysfunction. Tests reveal all pituitary hormones are normal and no masses are appreciated. The most likely cx of his sx is a dysfunction in the:
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hypothalamus
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Common neurologic disturbances seen with pituitary adenomas are?
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Visual disturbances
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A 30 year female was dx with thyroid carcinoma. Lab tests would most likely indicate _________T3 and T4 levels.
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Normal
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A 30 year old male presents to his physician complaining of visual disturbances. CT reveals a pituitary tumor and lab tests reveal elevated prolactin. Which of the following would aslo be expected?
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Increased Dopamine
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A 50 year old female presents with light-headedness and overall abnormal feelings.CT scabs reveals an adrenal coritical tumor. Lab tests reveal that the tumor is hormone secreting. Which of the following would be expected?
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Hypokalemia
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A 30 year old female presents with HTN, HA, Tachycardia, impiared glucose tolerance, and weight loss. Which of the following is the most likely dx?
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Pheochromocytoma
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A 60 y/o male is dx with cerebral aneurysm. The most likely area for it to occur is the:
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circle of willis
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A detached blood clot is called a:
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thromboembolus
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A 32 y/o female presents with lower leg pain and redness. An ultrasound reveals venous thrombus. Which of the following could have cx her condition?
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Vascular injury and inflammation
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Neurogenic shock can be cx by any factor that inhibits the:
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sympathetic nervous system
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Wilms tumors are found in the:
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kidneys
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A 20 y/o male is dx with wilms tumor. Which of the following if often associated with this dz?
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Aniridia (lack of the iris in the eye)
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