Patho Exam 1 – Flashcards
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What is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly?
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A) Cumulative exposure to carcinogens
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Lack of exercise during an illness may cause skeletal muscle to undergo...?
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C) Atrophy
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Following shift report on an oncology unit, which patient would the nurse assess first?
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C) 68 year old male diagnosed with late stage lung cancer complaining of difficulty breathing.
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Which of the following assessment findings is most concerning to the nurse and would require immediate action?
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B) A palpable lump in the left breast of an 18 year old with Klinefelter's syndrome
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An increase in cardiac size and function due to increased workload is termed...?
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C) Hypertrophy
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During a routine ultrasound of a 38 year old woman 26 weeks gestation reveals a fetus with a small square head, upward slant of the eyes, and low set ears. The nurse recognizes that these findings are consistent with which of the following?
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C) Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome)
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Metaplasia of epithelial cells sometimes results from which of the following?
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B) Chronic irritation or inflammation
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Which type of immunity is provided by a vaccination?
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B) Active artificial
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Which of the following patients is at the greatest risk for impaired immune function?
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B) 79 year old male with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
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The nurse is teaching a seminar about preventing the spread of HIV. Which statement by a student indicates that additional teaching is needed?
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B) "I won't get HIV if I only have oral sex with my partner."
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Which of the following patients is having a Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction?
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C) 36 year old female nurse with a positive tuberculosis skin test.
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Blood glucose levels increase during a stress response due to the action of...?
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D) Cortisol
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During which of the following stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) has the body's coping methods been completely utilized?
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D) Exhaustion
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The nurse conducts group education for patients with seasonal allergies and teaches about the role of histamine. The nurse evaluates that the education has been effective when the patients make which response?
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A) "Histamine dilates the vessels in the nose, so it is congested and stuffy."
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With which patient is it most important for the nurse to take special precautions because of an increased susceptibility to infection as a result of medical therapy?
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C) The 58 year old woman with rheumatoid arthritis taking corticosteroids daily.
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The student nurse asks the nurse why a child has sickle cell disease. Which explanation is best for the nurse to provide?
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D) The child has two hemoglobin 5 gene alleles, one inherited from each parent.
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What does leukocytosis frequently indicate?
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D) Presence of inflammation or infection
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When providing care for a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, which intervention is most important for the nurse to implement?
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C) Avoiding IM injections and venipuncture
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What causes paresthesia in the fingers of individuals with untreated pernicious anemia?
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C) Vitamin B12 deficit causing peripheral nerve demyelination
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Which of these patients should the nurse assess first?
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D) An 81 year old with thrombocytopenia and an increase in abdominal girth.
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A diagnostic laboratory finding in multiple myeloma is
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A) Bence Jones proteins in the urine
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What are common early signs of aplastic anemia?
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A) Excessive bleeding and recurrent infections
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Which of the following is typical of Hodgkin's disease?
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A) Initial tumor is single, painless, enlarged lymph node, often cervical
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Why do vascular occlusions and infarcts occur frequently with sickle-cell anemia?
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D) The change in shape of erythrocytes clog vessels
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While in the hospital for management of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), J.B.'s neutrophil count is very low. The most appropriate action for this condition would be:
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B) Minimize visitors
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Mary Ann, a 14 year old high school freshman, present to her pediatrician's office with severe fatigue, swollen glands, and a low-grade fever. Which blood test would be used to confirm her diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis?
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A) An elevated total white blood cell count
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Causes of thrombocytopenia include:
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B) Chemotherapy
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What is a neoplasm of blood cells?
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B) Leukemia
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You are presenting an educational event to a group of cancer patients. What would you cite as the most commonly occurring hematological cancer?
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A) Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Passive immunity is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example of passive immunity? (select all that apply)
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A) An injection of gamma globulin C) A mother breastfeeding her infant D) A mother to her baby during pregnancy
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The characteristics of acute localized inflammation include:
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C) Redness
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One of the most important determinants of alteration in body function caused by benign neoplasia is the:
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C) Location of the tumor
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The staging TNM system for classifying cancers is used to describe:
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C) The clinical spread of the disease
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Warning signs of possible cancer would include which of the following (select all that apply):
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A) Persistent, unusual bleeding C) A change in shape, color, or surface of a skin lesion. E) A change in bowel habits
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Which of the following cellular changes is considered to be preneoplastic?
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A) Dysplasia
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It is most important that the nurse include which cancer screening in the examination of a young adult?
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D) Leukemia
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What is a congenital disorder?
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D) Present at birth but not always apparent
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Which of the following assessment findings is most concerning to the nurse and would require immediate action?
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A) 5mm bluish-black mole with symmetrical edges.
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A 22 year-old, obese female patient comes into the clinic complaining of an earache and hearing loss in the right ear. Assessment reveals temperature 101.2, low-set ears, wide neck, and droopy eyelids. Patient reports history of "kidney and heart problems" as well as "being born different." Based on these findings, what chromosomal disorder does this patient likely have?
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B) Turner's Syndrome
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Which of the following assessment findings indicates an alteration in homeostatic control mechanisms?
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A) Fever
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A disease in which the principal manifestation is an abnormal growth of cells leading to formation of tumors is called a ______________ disease:
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D) Neoplastic
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Within minutes after a bee sting, the patient complains of shortness of breath and chest pain. The nurse notifies the patient's primary healthcare provider because this patient is most likely experiencing which type of hypersensitivity?
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A) Type I
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Graft versus Host disease occurs in which type of transplant?
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D) Bone marrow
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The nurse is teaching the patient who has recently given birth about immunity that has been passed to the baby in utero. Which statement by the patient indicates that additional teaching is needed?
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B) "I had chickenpox and am immune to it, so my baby will not need to have the chickenpox vaccine."
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A HIV+ patient presents to the clinic for his checkup. Testing reveals that the patient's viral load is below the level detected by the serum assay. This means that:
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B) He is responding appropriately to therapy
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Which of the following patients would you prioritize and attend to first?
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A) 11 year-old male with a history of peanut allergy having an anaphylactic reaction.
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Which of the following is a complication of chronic stress?
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D) Increased susceptibility to illness
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Which of the following is a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system by the adrenal medulla that is responsible for many of the physiologic symptoms of the "fight-or-flight" response?
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C) Epinephrine
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What disease state results from an inability to differentiate self from non-self?
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C) Autoimmune
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