Patho Exam – Flashcards
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Patient has appendicitis, what would be the health teaching?
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inflammation helps your body produce the right antibodies to fight infection
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When a person has a knife wound inflicted, what immunity is compromised?
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innate immunity
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The mast cell is the major activator for inflammation, through?
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degranulation
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What is the greatest risk for opportunistic infection?
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Immunocrompromised
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What is happening at the cellular phase of inflammation?
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vasoconstriction
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What is the predominant phagocyte in early inflammation?
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neutrophil
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What is the pain associated with extensive soft tissue injury?
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kinnins and prostaglandins
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A person has a fever, painful cervical lymph nodes and blood work shows shift to the left, what kind of infection does the individual have?
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a severe bacterial infection
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The individual has an acute viral infection, explain the role of the virus in human infections?
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some viruses are capable of transforming normal host cells to malignant
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What is the key contributing factor to getting rid of Candida Albicans?
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antibacterial therapy that eliminating bacterial flora
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An individual has chicken, potato salad that was left outside on a hot day and now experiencing violent diarrhea, vomiting (food poisoning), what are they experiencing?
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fulminant illness
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Micro organisms that make up normal flora?
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they prevent the colonization and multiplying of pathogens
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The incidence of TB is increasing why?
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because of the resistance to Antibiotics
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Where is blood Plasma located?
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INTRAVASCULAR FLUID
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Elderly have DECREASED muscle mass so there is an INCREASE risk for developing dehydration because of?
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Water balance r/t sodium
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What is Cerebral Enema?
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localized enema
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Aldosterone causes?
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increased blood volume
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Hyperkalemia causes?
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INCREASE in resting membrane potential with INCREASE excitability of cardiac muscle
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Metabolic acidosis
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Hyperventilating
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Respiratory acidosis
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Pneumonia
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Water to body weight in healthy male
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60%
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What causes edema?
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decreased capillary permeability
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A symptom of dehydration is?
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rough oral mucosa
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Sodium ion is a?
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cation
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Cause of hyponatremia
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excessive sweating
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Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia cause
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elevated ph
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Anxiety can cause
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hyperventilation and respiratory acidosis
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Impulses r/t acute pain transmitted
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NOCICEPTORS
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Role of nociceptors
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pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal chemical and physical means
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Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
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perspiration and expiration
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When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:
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interstitial compartment into the blood
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The following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins
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decreased osmotic pressure
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The following would cause edema
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increased capillary permeability
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The following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading
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fluid deficit
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The following is a common cause of hyponatremia?
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excessive sweating
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The following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?
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cardiac arrhythmias
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The correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone:
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increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
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The following results from hypocalcemia
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skeletal muscle twitch and spasms weak cardiac contractions
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Which of the following causes tetany
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increased permeability of nerve membranes
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When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? The pH
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Decreases
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What is the slowest, but most effective control for acid-base balance?
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Kidneys
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Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?
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The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.
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Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?
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increased carbonic acid
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Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
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prolonged diarrhea
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What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?
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metabolic acidosis
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Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
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pH is below normal range
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When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body, serum:
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bicarbonate ion levels decrease
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What does acidosis cause?
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CNS depression and drowsiness
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Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:
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increased ADH
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Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?
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respiratory acidosis
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In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:
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decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
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An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:
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decreased Pco2
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Young infants are more vulnerable to serious dehydration because of their:
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limited renal compensation
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Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:
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increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
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A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:
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Hyperkalemia
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Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:
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Hypovolemia
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Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?
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muscle twitches
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Prolonged diarrhea results in:
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loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis
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In the initial stage, vomiting results in:
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metabolic alkalosis
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Which two ions are most important in acid-base balance in the body?
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Cl- and HCO3
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The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:
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lungs and kidneys
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Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:
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increasing the permeability of nerve membranes
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Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because
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insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction
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Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?
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Aldosterone
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The control centre for thirst is located in the:
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Hypothalamus
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Atrial naturetic peptide:
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It is secreted by heart muscle cells and it helps to control water and sodium balance
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MI is confirmed by
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ECG
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When there is a decrease in SV
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cardiac output can be maintained by an increase in HR
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Partial obstruction in coronary arteries
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angina
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Smoking promotes
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thrombus formation
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Atherosclerosis
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development of fibro fatty plaque in medium and large arteries
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Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis
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sedentary lifestyle
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Atheroma develops from
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accumulation of lipids, cells and fibrin where the injury occurred
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Low-Density Lipids
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promote atheroma development
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A MI is a
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total obstruction of coronary artery
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Signs and symptoms of MI
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chest pain, left arm pain, pallor and weak pulse
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Size of necrotic area after MI may be minimized by all EXCEPT
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removing the predisposing factors to atheroma development
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Cardiac arrest
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cessation of all cardiac function
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Essential hypertension causes
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increased systemic vasoconstriction
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Uncontrolled hypertension most likely causes
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ischemia and loss of function in the kidneys, brain and retinas
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Intermittent claudication
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ischemic muscle pain in legs, especially with exercise
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Angina pectoris
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myocardial 02 supply has fallen below demand
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Shock following MI
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large portion of myocardium is damaged
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Shock impairment in cellular metabolism is caused by
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inadequate tissue perfusion
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Compensation for sock
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higher HR and oliguria
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Shock
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anaerobic cell metabolism and lower renal blood flow causes metabolic acidosis
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chronic renal failure can cause
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Primary high BP
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Septic shock
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bacteria must enter blood stream
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Septic shock results in
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lower BP, tachycardia and generalized weakness
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Most likely cause of secondary brain damage
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hematoma formation
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ICP
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decreased responsiveness, decreased BP and brain tissue hypoxia
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CVA
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presence of collateral circulation, reduced inflammation in area
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Collateral circulation presents with CVA
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development of an atheroma
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Most common brain injury
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CVA
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Epidural hematoma
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dura and skull
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Spinal shock following spinal injury at C3
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possible periods of apnea
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Signs of automonic dysreflexia
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high BP with bradicardia
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Herniation from ICP
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displacements of brain tissue downward towards the spinal cord
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CVA with the poorest prognosis
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hemorrhagic CVA
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Brain death
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cessation of brain function
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Most common cause of encephalitis
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viral
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During spinal cord injury, what happens with the individual?
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loss of control below site of injury
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Bacterial meningitis clinical manifestations?
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fever, headache and rigidity
