Part II Criminology – Flashcards
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Which of the following theorists is associated with labeling theory?
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Edwin Lemert
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The nature vs nurture debate questions whether criminality is explained by ones environment (nature) or gentics (nurture).
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True
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According to containment theory, the internalization of conventional behavior would constitute which of the following?
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Inner containment
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"Androcentric bias" refers to the tendency to:
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Overemphasize the male experience, while overlooking the experience of females
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The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the:
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Eugenics movement
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A critique of social disorganization theory is that some of the studies tend to use group rates to explain individual crime. Aggregate statistics do not yield accurate estimates if the intended unit of analysis is the behavior of individuals. Consequently, researchers have committed a/an:
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ecological fallacy
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Building from differential association theory, Akers and Burgess believe that behavioral conditioning, including the classical concepts of rewards and punishment, affects whether one chooses to engage in crime.
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False
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W. E. B. Du Bois is often overlooked for his contributions to which area of thought?
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Conflict criminology
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An offender arrested for drug use states, "But I'm not hurting anyone else." This is reflective of:
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Denial of harm
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Which of the following brings together criminology with a transcendental or religious approach as it seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders into the community?
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Peacemaking
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Psychopath, sociopath, and antisocial personality are all terms referring to the same phenomenon - the inadequately socialized personality.
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True
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Rational choice theorists argue that individuals are purely rational in the decision making, which includes consideration of the costs and benefits of crime.
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True
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An individual increases their risk of being a victim of crime by leaving for work each day at the same time, driving the same route to and from work, and returning at the same time with no variation. The crime that results would be attributed to:
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Routine activities theory
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Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?
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Classical/Neoclassical
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An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing better to do with his time." This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?
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Involvement
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Which of the following is focused on translating radical ideas into realistic social policy?
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Left realism
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The neoclassical school is primarily concerned with finding effective criminal justice policies, not explaining the causes of crime.
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True
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Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school propose?
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Mandatory sentencing policies
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Not all biological differences are inherited as many may be due to the prenatal environment, injury, and inadequate diet.
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True
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The earliest theories of crime causation were:
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Demonological
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Which of the following is a valid critique of labeling theory?
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Pays inadequate attention to the causes of the initial deviant act.
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Labeling theory holds that "deviance" is inherent in the act itself, rather than the reaction and label attached to the actor.
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True
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Lombroso was the most influential figure in biological positivism.
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True
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Which of the following is an example of situational crime control?
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All of the above
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Prior to the formulation and acceptance of this theory, the administration of criminal justice in Europe was cruel, uncertain, and unpredictable.
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classical theory
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Critical criminology gained popularity during the civil rights and feminist movements.
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False
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A group of juveniles who attend a district school commit an act of vandalism against a neighboring school district, explaining that it was necessary to defend their own mascot. This is an example of:
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Denial of harm
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Modern advocates of the relationship between IQ and delinquency believe that one's IQ is both inherited and acquired over time.
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True
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Lee, Zang, and Hoover combined routine activities theory with social disorganization theory in profiling weapons used in domestic violence incidents.
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False
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Diappointed with criminology's overconcern with the search for basic causes of crime, James Q. Wilson proposed a policy analysis approach that was less concerned with finding "causes" and more concerned with "what works."
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True
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"Patriarchy" refers to a society in which:
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Males hold a position of power and domination
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The idea that we learn by observing others is attributable to:
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Albert Bandura
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Which term did Émile Durkheim coin to refer to normlessness within society?
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Anomie
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This theorist claims that the extroverted (outgoing) personality is more delinquent or criminal than the introverted (inhibited) personality.
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Hans Eysenck
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The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of society is most characteristic of:
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Positivism
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If a person had a medical procedure in the 1940s to alter his or her brain tissue in order to alter their behavior, this would be referred to as:
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psychosurgery
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Labeling theory is based on which concept?
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sybmolic interaction
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Patriarchy refers to an economic-based hierarchy of power present in most capitalist societies.
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False
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Which of the following refers to the attempt to apply specific theoretical explanations to all types of crime?
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Global fallacy
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The "institutional anomie theory" attributes crime to the:
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American Dream
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In Charles Goring's famous study in The English Convict, the author disputes the connection between heredity and crime.
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False
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Left realism is an approach that attempts to translate radical ideas into realistic social policy.
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False
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This approach to child-rearing attempts to encourage positive behavior through the application of pleasure and pain.
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Behavioral modification
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Adolphe Quetelet's work provided empirical support for the idea that free will explains criminal behavior.
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False
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Critical criminology focuses more on the criminal behavior than on the criminalization of behavior.
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True
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Present-day biological theorists are working to identify the "crime gene" that they believe to be the source of criminal behavior.
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False
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A particular student wants to do well in school but never seems to be able to earn higher than a D. In pursuit of academic success, the student begins to cheat on exams. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?
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Innovation
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Cesare Lombroso is the undisputed "father of criminology."
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False
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As the first scientific criminologist, Adolphe Quintelet's work is most noteworthy because:
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His observation that crime was linked to other variables called into question the notion of free will.
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Diappointed with criminology's overconcern with the search for basic causes of crime, James Q. Wilson proposed a policy analysis approach that was less concerned with finding "causes" and more concerned with "what works."
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True
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In his book, The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, this theorist argues that "crime in the streets" is criminalized to a greater extent than "crime in the suites."
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Jeffrey Reiman
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An individual commits a crime because he has "nothing to lose." This indicates a lack of which of the following social bonds?
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Commitment
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The "thermic law" of crime argues that crimes against persons increase in:
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Warmer climates
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The "Chicago School" is associated with which of the following?
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Urban ecology
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Social trends in modern urban-industrial societies result in changing norms, confusion, and lessened social control over the individual. This condition creates:
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Drift
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One weakness of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory is that he failed to account for the fact that not all associations are equal in intensity, frequency, duration, and priority.
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False
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Which of the following names capitalism and inequality as being at the root of crime?
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Marxist criminology
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A criminologist notices that crime rates tend to be higher in warmer climates. This observation is most closely linked to the concept of:
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Ecological theory
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Which of the following is characteristic of conflict criminology?
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A willingness to question the existing social order
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Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose was linked to criminal behavior?
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Mesomorph
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Which of the following terms is used by labeling theory to refer to an agent or official who is concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance?
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Moral entrepreneur
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Which of the following theorists suggested the existence of a "criminal personality"?
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Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow
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Variables such as diet, environmental pollution, endocrine imbalance, and allergies have been claimed to have criminogenic influence.
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True
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Some researchers argue that human females may have evolved superior inhibitory capabilities in the aggression domain.
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True
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Jeremy Bentham advocated for "the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number." The term that refers to this approach is:
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Utilitarianism
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In their study of urban ecology, Shaw and McKay found the highest crime rate in which zone?
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Zone II-Zone of Transition
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The "Chicago School" was well-known for its armchair theorizing; few of its researchers ever ventured into the field.
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False
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Willem Bonger saw capitalism as causing crime through its promotion of selfish individualism, which is also referred to as:
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Egoism
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According to Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, retreatist subcultures develop in stable slum neighborhoods in which a hierarchy of available criminal opportunities exist.
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True
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Which of the following theorists is credited with general strain theory, in which it was acknowledged that strain can result from a variety of negative relationships or experiences?
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Robert Agnew
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Critical criminology is consistent with a consensus worldview.
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False
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Shaw and McKay made extensive use of maps and official statistics in their studies of juvenile delinquency.
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True
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Even though Johnny realizes that he will never reach the economic and occupational success of which he once dreamed, he continues to go to work each day and diligently complete the tasks assigned to him. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?
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Ritualism
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"Theory" is best described as:
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Useful in locating the one key that will explain all criminological behavior
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According to Cloward and Ohlin, "double-failures" enter which type of criminal subculture?
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Retreatist
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The liberation thesis claims that as women assumed more assertive poisitions in society,, they would participate in more previously "masculine" activities including crime; however, little support has been found.
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True
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Which of the following refers to the proposal that female crime would increase as women assumed more assertive positions in society?
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Liberation thesis
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Which theorist contributed a framework to describe the political nature of criminal law, and how pluralistic conflict shapes the role of law?
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Austin Turk
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Which of the following theorists is often referred to as "the founder of black criminology"?
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Which of the following is characteristic of mainstream criminology?
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A consensus worldview
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Karl Marx wrote extensively on the topic of crime causation.
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False
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According to Émile Durkheim, the development of modern urban-industrial societies has resulted in changing norms, confusion, and lessened social control over the individual.
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True
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The "XYY syndrome" refers to the belief that men with an extra "Y" chromosome are:
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Predisposed to violent and aggressive behavior
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Which of the following refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality?
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Phrenology
