Paramedic Neurology – Flashcards
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Neuron
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Is a nerve cell.
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Central Nervous System
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The brain and spinal cord
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What is the function of the skull
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Protective Structure
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Meninges
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Membranes covering and protecting the brain and spinal cord, they consist of pia mater, arachnoid membrane, and dura mater.
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Protective structures of CNS
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Skull and Meninges
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The master gland?
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Pituitary gland
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Dermatome
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A portion of skin innervated by a nerve
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The autonomic nervous system includes?
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Sympathetic (flight or fight), Parasympathetic ( feed or breed)
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Neurotransmitters for sympathetic nervous system
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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Neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous systen
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Acetylcholine.
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3 parts of Cushings Triad
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Increased BP, Decreased pulse, Decreased or irregular respirations.
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AEIOU-TIPS
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Acidosis, alcohol Epilepsy Infection Overdose Uremia, kidney failure Trauma,tumor,toxin Insulin Psycosis, poison Stroke,seizure
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Wernicke's Syndrome
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associated with chronic alcoholism, CAN BE REVERSED WITH THIAMINE.
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Korsakoff's Psychosis
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associatied with chronic alcoholism, characterized by disorientation, muttering, isomnia etc. Not reversible.
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Two types of strokes?
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Bleed and Clot. (occulsive and hemorrhagic)
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Dysphasia
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Difficulty in speaking or swallowing
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Aphasia
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inability to speak
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Name a function: Thalamus
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Relay and processing centersfor sensory information
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Name a function: Hypothalamus
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Centers controlling emotions, autonomic, functions and hormone production
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Name a function: Pituitary Gland
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Release of hypothalmic hormones, secretion of hormones regulating endocrine activity.
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Name a function: Midbrain
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Processing of visual and auditory data, generation of involuntary somatic motor response, maintenance of consciousness.
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Name a function: Pons
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Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, Involuntary somatic and visceral motor centers.
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Name a function: Medulla Oblongata
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Relays sensory info to thalamus, regulation of visceral function cardio, resp,and digestive activities.
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Name a function: Cerebrum
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Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, involuntary regulationof somatic motor patterns.
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Name a function:Cerebellum
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Involuntary control of complex somatic motor patterns, memory storage of motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
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Absence seizure
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type of generalized seizure with sudden onset, characterized by a brief loss of awareness and rapid recovery
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Afferent
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carry impulses toward the central nervous system
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Alzheimer's Disease
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degrenerative brian disorder, most common cause of dementia in the elderly
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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progressive degeneration of specific nerve cells that control voluntary movement characterized by weakness, loss of motor control difficulty speaking and cramping. AKA Lou Gehrig's
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Apneustic Respiration
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breathing characterized by a prolonged inspiration unrelieved by expiration attempts, seen in patients with damage to the upper part of the pons.
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Arachnoid membrane
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middle lay
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Ataxic respiration
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poor respirations due to CNS damage, causing ineffective thoracic muscular coordination.
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Bell's palsy
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temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes drooping only on the affected side of the face
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Brain abscess
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collection of pus localized in an area of the brain
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Brain stem
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connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cords. Consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongota
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Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation
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hyperventilation caused by a lesion in the CNS, often characterized by rapid, deep, noisy respirations.
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Cerebellum
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fine motor movement, posture, equilibrium, muscle tone. located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongota.
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Cerebrum
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largest part of brain containing two hemispheres. seat of conciousness and memory, learning, judgement, intelligence, emotions
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Cheyne Stokes Respiration
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breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea lasting 10-60 seconds, following by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations
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Clonic Phase
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alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles
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Complex Partial Seizure
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characterized by an aura and focal findings such as alterations in mental status and moods
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease
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brain damage that leads to rapid decrease in mental function and movement characterized by dementia, ataxia, hallucinations, jerking, general decline
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Cushings triad
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increased b/p, decreased pulse, irregular respirations associated with ICP
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Decorticate
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towards body
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Decerebrate
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away from body
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Dermatones
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areas of the skin innervated by spinal nerves
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Diencephalon
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below cerebrum, above brain stem. contains thalamus, hypothalamus
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Dura mater
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outer layer
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Dystonias
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group of disorders characterized by muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or freezing in the middle of an action
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Efferent
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carrying impulses away from the brain or spinal cord
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Generalized Seizures
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seizures that begin as an electrical discharge in a small area of the brain but spread to involve the entire cerebral cortex, causing wide spread malfunction
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to nerve inflammation that causes muscle weakness that can worsen to paralysis
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Huntington's disease
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genetic defect and characterized by rigidity, slow movements, tremor, behavioral changes, unusual movements, dementia
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Korsakoff's psychosis
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psychosis characterized by disorientation, muttering delirium, insomnia, delusions, hallucinations. symptoms include painful extremities, bilateral wrist drop, foot drop, pain on pressure of long nerves.
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Kussmaul's respiration
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rapid deep respirations caused by severe metabolic and CNS problems
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Medulla Oblongota
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lower portion of brain stem. respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor activity
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Meninges
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membranes covering and protecting brain and spinal cord
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Mesencephalon
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connects pons and cerebellum with cerebral hemispheres. aka midbrain. controls motor coordination and eye movement
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Multiple Sclerosis
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inflammation of certain nerve cells followed by demyelination or the destruction or myelin sheath
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Muscular Dystrophy
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group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscle fibers
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Myoclonus
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temporary, involuntary twitching or spasm of a muscle or group of muscles
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Neoplasm
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new formation of tumor
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Neuron
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nerve cell
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Parkinson's Disease
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chronic and progressive motor system disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability
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Partial seizures
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seizures that remain confined to a limited portion of the brain, causing localized malfunction.
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Pia mater
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innermost layer
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Pick's disease
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pernament form of dementia similar to alzheimers but affecting only certain areas of the brain
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Pliomyelitis
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infectious, inflammatory viral disease of the CNS that sometimes results in permanent paralysis
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Pons
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connects medulla oblongata and cerebellum with upper portions of the brain.
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Reticular Activating System
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maintains conciousness
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Seizure
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temporary alteration in behavior due to the massive electrical discharge of one or more groups of neurons in the brain
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simple partial seizure
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type of partial seizure that involves local motor, sensory, or autonomic dysfunction of one area of the body. no LOC
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Spina Bifida
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a neural defect that results from the failure of one or more of the fetal vertebrae to close properly during the first month of pregnancy
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Syncope
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transient loss of conciousness due to inadequate flow of blood to the brain with rapid recovery of conciousness when becoming supine
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Tonic Phase
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tension or contraction of muscles
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Tonic Clonic Seizure
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rapid loss of consciousness and motor coordination, muscle spasms and jerking motions
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Wernicke's Syndrome
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loss of memory and disorientation, associated with chronic alcohol intake and diet deficient in thiamine
