Paper and Paperboard 1/28
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early paper making
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single sheet manufacturing -process was invented in china -rags and cloth uses: -formal written communication -hand lettered books -medium for painting
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paper after guttenberg 1500s
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could have multiple copies of books and documents -demand increased rapidly -supply of rags became inadequate -forced to shift to wood as fiber source
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US Paper history
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first paper mill in america built in 1690 -made about 100 b of paper/day -made from old cotton and linen rags -1 sheet at a time -first continuous machine built in 1799 -1860s americans begin using wood fiber
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us paper today
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5,000 manufacturing plants -paper mostly made from wood -rags used to make high quality stationary and specialty papers
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Fourdrinier Machine
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(1799) Nicholas L. Robert (1801) English print engineers bought the invention and patented it in England Fourinier brothers further improved design -final machine/ process became known as the Fourdrinier Machine or process
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Cylinder Machine
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-first \"cylinder or mould machine\" -wire covered cylinder revolving in a vat filled with pulp -1809 John Dickinson -two ply paper -1830 two cylinders combining wet sheets in a press. was the forerunner of the modern multi-cylinder machine
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Nature of Paper
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paper is composed of matted cellulose fibers cellulose fiber quality is the prime determinant of properties
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North American Fiber Sources
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hardwoods: short fibers, aspen birch, maple. smooth, good formation. even, good printing but poor physical strength softwoods: long fibers, pine, spruce, hemlock. good tensile, puncture, tear and fold strength but poor formation and printing
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other paper making fiber sources
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recycled paper and packaging ranges from low quality newsprint to high quality corrugated board
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wood consists of
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50% cellulose (desired product) 30% lignin (an adhesive material, undesired) 20% carbohydrates (undesired)
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fiber extraction (pulping)
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3 processes: -mechanical -chemical -semi-chemical
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chemical extraction with sulfate (KRAFT process)
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by far the most widely used process for making pulp for packaging paper and paperboard -costly -low fiber degradation -dissolves away lignin -strongest wood pul -environmentally stable
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things added to pulp
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Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorine containing compounds • Bleaching Sizing • Imparts a degree of water repellency Starches and gums • Improve tensile strength • Improve stiffness Clay, Talc, Titanium Dioxide • Improve opacity • Improve printing quality
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paper terminology
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generally material under 0.012\" is paper. anything over is paperboard cardboard is a depreciated term for recycled board
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paper / paperboard terms
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gauge/caliper- thickness of the sheet expressed in thousands of an inch basis weight- weight known area structure- composition of sheet machine direction- long direction of web -gloss/smoothness
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kraft paper
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made from at least 80% wood pulp -noted for its strength -bleached and unbleached - Grocery bags, envelopes, gummed sealing tape, and multiwall bags, and for many other applications.
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glassine paper (waxed)
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- Greaseproof, and Grease-resistant - smooth, dense, transparent or semi-transparent coarse paper - bags in cereal boxes and the wrappers on ¼ pound butter sticks
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tissue paper
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- special group of fine packaging papers - made of rag pulp or mechanical wood - Machine-glazing produces a smooth front side and a rough back side
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vegetable parchment
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- made by soaking wood fibers in sulfuric acid - Strong when wet or dry - lint-free, odor-free, and taste-free - resistant to grease and oil - wrapper for butter and margarine, meats, fish and many other moist food products
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cellophane
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- thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose - Good barrier to air, oils, greases, bacteria and water
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SBS (solid bleached sulfate)
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bleached kraft paperboard
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SUS (solid unbleached sulfate)
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normal unbleached kraft paperboard
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chipboard
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low quality paperboard made from recycled fiber
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clay coated newsboard CCNB
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chipboard which has been clay coated back layer is gray in color
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slurry
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for making paper- mixture of pulp and water (99% water and 1% fiber) fed into headbox
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water removal
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gravity, suction, pressing, drying rolls
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cylinder and fourdrinier
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only paperboard is made on cylinder machines, while fourdrinier machines can make either paper or paperboard
