Pageant CH 12 – War of 1812 & Era of Good Feelings – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Armistice (Definition)
answer
A temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties; a truce.
question
Armistice (Significance)
answer
Tsar Alexander I proposed the Treaty of Ghent between Britain and U.S. during the War of 1812. The treaty was signed on Dec. 24, 1814 and was an armistice. Both sides agreed to stop fighting, return to the status quo, and restore the conquered territory. It was like nothing had ever happened.
question
Nationalism (Definition)
answer
The policy of doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations.
question
Nationalism (Significance)
answer
Nationalism was evident in the political, social, economic, and political aspects of U.S. after the War of 1812. American themes were prevalent in literature, the enactment of the American System, Monroe's tour of the U.S., and John Marshall's court cases all displayed American nationalism. Canada also experienced a boost in nationalism after the War of 1812.
question
Wildcat Bank (Definition)
answer
A bank that issued notes without adequate security in the period before the establishment of the national banking system in 1864.
question
Wildcat Bank (Significance)
answer
The main reason for the cause of the Panic of 1819 was overspeculation in frontier lands. The Bank of the U.S., through its western branches (wildcat banks), had become involved in this sort of land gambling. The Bank of the U.S. later forced the speculative wildcat banks to the wall and foreclosed farm mortgages.
question
Demagogic (Demagogue) (Definition)
answer
A person, especially an orator or political leader, who gains power and popularity by arousing the emotions, passions, and prejudices of the people.
question
Demagogic (Demagogue) (Significance)
answer
Marshall's court decisions bolstered judicial barriers against democratic and demagogic attacks on property rights, such as in Fletcher v. Peck, in which the Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres of land in the Yazoo River country to private speculators. However, the deal was canceled. Marshall declared that the legislative grant was a contract, even though it was a fraud, and the Georgia legislature had to honor it. Also, in the case of Darmouth v. Woodward, New Hampshire wanted to change the college's charter. However, Marshall denied New Hampshire's request, once again stating that the college's charter was a contract.
question
Francis Scott Key (Definition)
answer
American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem during a battle in the War of 1812, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
question
Francis Scott Key (Significance)
answer
Key wrote the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" while watching the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, Maryland aboard a British prison ship, in the War of 1812. This tune later became the U.S. national anthem.
question
Andrew Jackson (Definition)
answer
An U.S. general in the war of 1812 and the 7th president of the U.S. from 1829-37; to the people he had the nickname of "Old Hickory".
question
Andrew Jackson (Significance)
answer
During the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson quashed Indian resistance to white expansion east of the Mississippi River. He also gave the British a bloody defeat at New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans wasn't significant because the Treaty of Ghent had been signed 2 weeks earlier already, but it did gain Jackson fame, which led to his election as president years later. In 1818 Jackson swept across Florida and killed 2 Indian chiefs and 2 British subjects. He seized Spanish forts, St. Marks and Pensacola, and deposed the Spanish governor. He went beyond his orders, but with the help and defense of John Quincy Adams, they secured Florida and some of Oregon from Spain.
question
Washington Irving (Definition)
answer
U.S. essayist, story writer, and historian.
question
Washington Irving (Significance)
answer
After the War of 1812, there was an increase in nationalism. Irving attained international recognition in the 1820s as one of the nation's first writers of importance to use American scenes and themes in textbooks.
question
James Fenimore Cooper (Definition)
answer
a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century.
question
James Fenimore Cooper (Significance)
answer
After the War of 1812, there was an increase in nationalism, which was evident in Cooper's works. He attained international recognition, along with Irving, as one of the nation's first writers to incorporate American themes in writing.
question
John Marshall (Definition)
answer
U.S. jurist and statesman: Chief Justice of the U.S. 1801-35. The longest-serving Chief Justice of the United States, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system.
question
John Marshall (Significance)
answer
Chief Justice of U.S.; He tended to bolster the power of the federal government at the expense of the states. His rulings were largely based on the Constitution. His most famous cases are Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden, Fletcher v. Peck, and Dartmouth v. Woodward. He was the "Molding Father of the Constitution." he buttressed the federal Union and helped to create a stable, nationally uniform environment for business. His rulings gave way to many new principles such as judicial review, the idea that a state can't tax the national bank, the honoring of a charter. Most of his rulings checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures.
question
John C. Calhoun (Definition)
answer
Vice president of the U.S. 1825-32.Calhoun built his reputation as a political theorist by his redefinition of republicanism to include approval of slavery and minority rights—with the white South the minority in question.
question
John C. Calhoun (Significance)
answer
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were advocates for the American System, which was a plan to strengthen and unify the nation. To protect minority rights against majority rule he called for a "concurrent majority" whereby the minority could sometimes block offensive proposals.
question
Daniel Webster (Definition)
answer
a leading American statesman and senator from Massachusetts during the period leading up to the Civil War.
question
Daniel Webster (Significance)
answer
"Expounding Father"; He defended Dartmouth College in the case of Dartmouth v. Woodward (alumni of Dartmouth College). He was a senator who frequently went to the Supreme Court chamber to voice his Federalistic and nationalistic philosophy before the Supreme bench. He worked with John Marshall, supporting the power of the federal government, while challenging states' rights and nullification.
question
Internal Improvements (Definition)
answer
Term used historically in the U.S. for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements, which was supposed to be financed and created by the federal government.
question
Internal Improvements (Significance)
answer
Henry Clay's American System included internal improvements for a network of roads and canals. 1817; Congress voted to distribute $1.5 mil to the states for funding for internal improvements, but President Madison vetoed this as unconstitutional. Jeffersonian Republicans and New England also opposed federal funding of construction. Therefore, the individual states ventured with construction programs of their own, as seen in projects such as the Erie Canal.
question
Sectionalism (Definition)
answer
Excessive or narrow-minded concern for local or regional interests as opposed to the interests of the whole.
question
Sectionalism (Significance)
answer
Sectionalism issues between the North and the South over free and slave states and their political balance in the federal government. The issue was debated with the Tallmadge Amendment, which threatened to upset this sacred balance of free states and slave states. However, the problem "solved" by the Missouri Compromise.
question
McCulloch vs. Maryland (Definition)
answer
1819; Landmark Supreme Court case in which Maryland tried to impose taxes on the Second Bank of the U.S. It made it illegal for a state to impede constitutional exercises.
question
McCulloch vs. Maryland (Significance)
answer
Involved attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of U.S. by imposing a tax on its notes. Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the bank was constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. Marshall strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the national bank.
question
American System (Definition)
answer
A plan to strengthen and unify the nation; advanced by Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and John Quincy Adams. The System included: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture.
question
American System (Significance)
answer
This system displayed social and economic national. It was mainly developed by Henry Clay for a profitable home market in 1824. The System had 3 main parts: a strong banking system for good credit, a protective tariff so eastern manufacturing would flourish, and revenue from the tariff would provide funds for roads and canals (from the South and the West to the North and the East). However, president Madison, Jeffersonian Republicans, and New Englanders were opposed to federal funding of construction projects.
question
Gibbons vs. Ogden (Definition)
answer
Supreme Court case in which it was decided that Congress held the power to regulate interstate commerce.
question
Gibbons vs. Ogden (Significance)
answer
1824 "Steamboat case"; It was an attempt by New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of water-borne commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall stated that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce.
question
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Definition)
answer
Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, U.S. forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the Creek War.
question
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Significance)
answer
During the War of 1812 (March 27, 1814); In the South (Alabama), Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians. He quashed Indian resistance to white expansion east of the Mississippi River. This opened the Ohio country and the southwestern frontier open for settlement.
question
Era of Good Feelings (Definition)
answer
Name (from Boston newspaper) applied to the period in the U.S. corresponding with the term of President James Monroe, from 1817 to 1825. Following the War of 1812, the U.S. settled into a period of rule by one party, the Democratic-Republicans. The period was misnamed, as there were tensions developing in the U.S.
question
Era of Good Feelings (Significance)
answer
Era in which President Monroe was in office during the period of one-party rule by the Republicans. Monroe embarked on a good-will tour of the U.S. in which he received warm welcomes everywhere. The Era of Good Feelings was misnamed because of tensions developing in the U.S., which led to the Panic of 1819.
question
Panic of 1819 (Definition)
answer
1st major financial crisis in the U.S., which occurred during the end of the Era of Good Feelings. It caused widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812 and ushered in new financial policies that would shape economic development.
question
Panic of 1819 (Significance)
answer
The panic brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors' prisons. It was the first national panic since President Washington took office. It was caused by overspeculation in frontier lands that was funded by the Bank of the U.S. and the wildcat banks. The Bank of the U.S. had forced the wildcat banks to the wall and foreclosed farm mortgages. This created trouble in the political and social world, in which the poor got poorer and the inhumanity of the imprisoning debtors.
question
Land Act of 1820 (Definition)
answer
Act replacing the Land Act of 1800. It was a result of the depression, bank failures, bankruptcies, soup kitchens, unemployment, etc. of 1819. It allowed Americans to buy 80 acres of land at $1.25 an acre. This helped to calm the westerners when they demanded cheaper land.
question
Land Act of 1820 (Significance)
answer
With the expansion of settlers into the West, there were demands for cheap acreage, which was partially achieved by the Land Act of 1820. This act authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash. This caused a huge exodus of people to the West for the cheap land that was available.
question
Monroe Doctrine (Definition)
answer
The policy, as stated by President Monroe in 1823, that the U.S. opposed further European colonization and interference with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.
question
Monroe Doctrine (Significance)
answer
In 1821, Russia extended its jurisdiction into North America. Afterwards in 1823, the British foreign secretary George Canning proposed an alliance with the U.S. in warning Europe to stay away from the Latin American republics. However, the U.S. didn't think that the alliance was necessary, so the Monroe Doctrine was born in late 1823, in which it warned Europe in noncolonization and nonintervention of the Latin American republics. However, the Monroe Doctrine proved to not have much significance domestically or internationally since the U.S. didn't have the strength to enforce it.
question
Tallmadge Amendment (Definition)
answer
Submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the U.S. House of Reps. on Feb. 13, 1819, during the debate regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. The Tallmadge Amendment was passed in the House. However, the Senate, which held a balance of slave and free states, passed a version of the Missouri statehood bill without the amendment. The majorities of the House and the Senate eventually agreed to the Missouri Compromise.
question
Tallmadge Amendment (Significance)
answer
1819; This stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and provided for emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. The South was against this because it was a threat to sectional balance (the # of slave states vs. the # of free states. Southerners thought that the Missouri emancipation might set a precedent for the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.
question
Russo-American Treaty of 1824 (Definition)
answer
Signed in St. Petersburg between the representatives of Russia and the U.S. on April 17, 1824 (effect in Jan. 1825). It gave Russian claims on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America south of the parallel 54 degrees 40' north over Oregon Country.
question
Russo-American Treaty of 1824 (Significance)
answer
The Monroe Doctrine was established partly because of Russia's southward push into the North America. However, the tsar soon decided to retreat. The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 fixed Russia's southernmost limits at the line of 54 degrees 40', the present southern tip of the Alaska panhandle.
question
Missouri Compromise (Definition)
answer
Act of Congress (1820) by which Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude 36 degrees 30' N, except for Missouri.
question
Missouri Compromise (Significance)
answer
1820; The Missouri Compromise was 3 compromises in which Henry Clay played a leading role in. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state. Missouri was permitted to retain its slaves, but future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line 36 degrees, 30' N. This kept the the balance between free and slave states. It was a temporary solution to a much larger problem.
question
Hartford Convention (Definition)
answer
Event spanning from Dec. 15, 1814-Jan. 4, 1815 in the U.S. during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the U.S. was discussed. The end of the war disgraced the Federalist Party, which disbanded in most places.
question
Hartford Convention (Significance)
answer
Dec. 15, 1814-Jan. 5, 1815; Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island sent full delegations. New Hampshire and Vermont sent partial representation. They met in secrecy to discuss grievances and to seek redress of wrongs. They demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared (except in the case of invasion). Because of the Treaty of Ghent and the end of the war, the convention failed and was labeled as treason. This resulted in the death of the Federalists.
