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Abnormal Psychology

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The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning

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How is abnormality defined? "The Four D's"

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*Deviance:* what is different from the norm, extreme, look at culture you are working with to determine whether something is deviant - consider the culture/circumstances, unusual, perhaps even bizarre *Distress:* lack of control over one's own behavior, unpleasant, upsetting to the person *Dysfunction:* interferes with person's daily functioning in a constructive way *Danger:* posing risk of harm, is a person danger to himself or others?

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What is treatment

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Once clinicians decide that a person is suffering from abnormality, they seek to treat it Treatment, or therapy, is a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior

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What is treatment: All forms of therapy have three essential features

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1. A *sufferer* seeks relief from the healer 2. A trained, socially accepted healer whose experience is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group 3. Have *several contacts* between the healer and the sufferer

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Numerous contacts over time

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*Individual/group/couple/family* *Psychopharmacological:* medication *Behavioral:* conditioned responses - give client medication that makes them sick if they smoke or drink *Cognitive:* strategies in therapy subset: ACT Acceptance and Commitment Therapy *Psychodynamic:* talk-based therapy *Client-centered:* humanistic, unconditional positive reagard to client

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*Trephination*

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an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior

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*Exorcism*

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idea was to coax the evil spirits to leave to to make the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live

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*Asylums*

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institutions whose primary purpose was to care for people with mental illness

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*Reform-moral treatment*

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emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful techniques, caught on throughout europe and the us. patients with psychological problems were increasingly seen as potentially productive human beings whose mental functioning had broken down under stress

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*Somatogenic-physical*

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the view of abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes

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Freud: *Psychoanalysis*

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theory or treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology

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*Psychogenic-psychological*

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the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological

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Hippocrates and "humors"

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Hippocrates often called the father of modern medicine, taught that illnesses had natural causes. He saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems. Believed that some brain pathology was the culprit and that it resulted from an imbalance of four fluids - or humors Yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm *humors*: bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning

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Issues with asylums

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The institutions began with every intention of providing good are. Once the asylums started to overflow, they became virtual prisons where patients were held in filthy conditions and treated with unspeakable cruelty.

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Technology and mental health: *Cybertherapy*

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- Digital world provides new triggers and vehicles for the expression of abnormal behavior - Multitude of digital distractions provides the foundation for shorter attention spans - Use of cybertherapy on the rise - Therapy sessions via Skype or other apps - Mental health apps in the marketplace increasing sharply

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How are people with less severe disturbances treated?

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*Psychotropic meds:* drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning *Deinstitutionalization:* the practice of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals *Private psychotherapy:* an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services

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Issues to consider

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Nature vs. Nurture: is mental illness a societal concept? Consistency of definition e.g. college drinking e.g. eccentricity: an unusual pattern with which others have no right to interefere

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Current thinking and trends: *Multicultural psychology:*

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Myths: do people with mental illness bring it on themselves field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race ethnicity, gender and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the orgin, nature and treatment of abnormal behavior Technology

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Current thinking and trends: *Prevention*:

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interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop

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Current thinking and trends: *Positive psychology*

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the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits and abilities

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Judgments of abnormality depend on:

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Specific circumstances & cultural norms

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Psychotropic medications

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*Antipsychotic drugs*: correct extremely confused and distorted thinking *Antidepressant drugs*: lift the mood of depressed individuals *Antianxiety drugs*: reduce tension and worry

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Colleen is so afraid of open spaces that she cannot leave her house to go to work. This represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called _____.

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Dysfunction

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Heather has been feeling depressed and has begun to feel helpless and hopeless and is considering committing suicide. Killing herself represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called _____.

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Dangerousness

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The crude early form of surgery in which a hole was made in the skull of a person, presumably to allow evil spirits to escape, was called _____.

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Trephination

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_____ believed that abnormal behavior was caused by brain pathology that was a consequence of an imbalance in the four humors of the body.

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Hippocrates

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An approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized humane and respectful approaches was known as _____ treatment.

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moral

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Psychotropic medications fit into the _____ model of treating mental illness.

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biological

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Psychoanalysis' view of causes of abnormal and normal behavior fits into the _____ model.

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psychodynamic

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Define and contrast the somatogenic and psychogenic perspectives regarding abnormal psychological functioning, and provide at least one example of evidence supporting each perspective.

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Somatogenic: the view of abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes Psychogenic: the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological Evidence: hypnotism could both care and cure even a physical dysfunction, and hysterical disorders which are psychological in function

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Ken is so anxious that his anxiety by itself causes him to suffer. Ken's situation represents the aspect of the definition of abnormality called _____.

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distress

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