Overview of grand nursing theories – Flashcards

-Most complex and widest in scope of the levels of theory -Attempt to explain broad areas within the discipline

-Composed of relatively abstract concepts -Developed through thoughtful appraisal of existing ideas -May incorporate other theories

-Categorization based on *scope* -Categorization based on *nursing domains* -Categorization based on *paradigms*

-Simplest ways to categorize -can be classified under multiple categories Examples: -Philosophies (Nightingale and Watson) -Nursing conceptual models (Levine, Rogers, Neuman, Roy) -Nursing Theories (Pender, Neuman, Parse) -Middle Range Theories

Meleis (2012) categories based on schools of thought: -Needs theorists (Abdellah, Henderson, Orem) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_ie_504B7U -Interaction theorists (King, Orlando, Paterson & Zderad, Peplau, Travelbee, and Weidenbach) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eybeyvpSOBA -Outcome theorists (Johnson, Levine, Rogers, and Roy) -Caring/becoming (Watson & Parse)

Paradigm is a worldview or an overall way of looking at a discipline and its science Three nursing scholars categorized nursing theories based on paradigms or worldviews: -Parse -Neuman -Fawcett

Three categorizations of theories based loosely on the existing philosophies Substance of the theory - Way in which change occurs 1. Particulate-Deterministic School (positivism) Nightingale, Orem, Orlando, Peplau 2. Interactive-Integrative School (postpositivism) Patterson, Roy, Watson, Erickson 3. Unitary-Transformative School (humanism) Rogers, Parse

linear causal- we can measure blood pressure for ex.-eg. looking at cytokine levels: a physiologic indicator of stress; looking at concrete outcomes;stess causes high bp; linear -Phenomena are isolatable, reducible with definable properties that can be measured -Orderly and predictable connectedness to each other -Change consequence of antecedent conditions -Relationships linear and causal -Kinds of knowledge sought are facts and universal laws -Caring could be studied as a therapeutic intervention affecting patients' health in terms of measureable responses.

-things that can affect situation; focused on measure but instead of linear relationships you can have them going in both directions-ie. Stress and pain; stress can contribute to pain but pain can also contribute to stress; Looks at context- was family present? Can have an affect on context that contribute to stress concept -An extension of the particulate-deterministic perspective that takes in to account context and experience and legitimizes subjective data. -Phenomena have multiple, interrelated parts in relation to a specific context. -Change in a phenomenon is a function of multiple antecedent factors and probabilistic relationships. -Relationships may be reciprocal. -Caring could be studied as a therapeutic intervention affecting patients' health in terms of measureable responses, but taking in to account the context of the situation.

-view of the individual as a whole being with the connection to the environemnt rather than just being part of the context, there is a connect, about describing their experience or situation- CANNOT compare it to linear because it is what it is. -Significant paradigm shift -Phenomenon is viewed as a unitary, self-organizing field embedded in a larger self-organizing field. -Interpenetration of fields within fields. -Change is unpredictable as systems move through stages of organization and disorganization to more complex organization. -Knowledge is personal, and is a function of the viewer and the phenomenon being viewed. -Subject matter is thoughts, values, feelings, choices and purpose. -Caring in the human health experience would be studies as a unitary-transformative process of mutuality and creative unfolding. -Difficult to characterize...an example could be the understanding of the synchrony and the mutuality of nurse-client encounters that transcend the time and space limitations of the present situation.

-Based on treatment of change in each theory 1. Reaction-Nightingale, Abdellah, Henderson (LESS CONCRETE) 2. Reciprocal interaction- Orem, King, Neuman, Johnson, Levine (-broad and abstract; how change happens simultaneoulsy; change happens when the action happens) 3. Simultaneous action-Parse, Watson, Newman, Rogers (predictable in reaction)

A. Scope* B. Nursing Domains C. Paradigms D. Theoretical Background

A. King B. Orlando C. Paterson & Zderad D. All of the above*

7 Criteria Chosen for Use: -Background of the theorist -Philosophical underpinnings of the theory -Major assumptions, concepts, and relationships -Usefulness -Testability -Parsimony (complexity/how understandable) -Value in Extending Nursing Science All of the grand theories come from them; this is why we should know there history; why they came up with their theories.