Organic Chemistry year 11 – Flashcards
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What is a single bond called?
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Alkane
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Are single bonds saturated or unsaturated?
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saturated
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Are double/triple bonds saturated or unsaturated?
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unsaturated
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What is a double bond called?
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Alkene
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What is a triple bond called?
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Alkyne
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What is the formula for single bonds?
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CnH2n+2
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What is the formula for double bonds?
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CnH2n
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What is the formula for Triple bonds?
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CnH2n-2
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What reactions do alkanes have?
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Combustion reactions
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What is the formula for an alkane reaction?
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alkane + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
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What reactions do alkenes have?
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Combustion and addition reactions
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What does the addition of Hydrogen do to alkenes?
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Makes them turn into alkanes
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An example of a alkene addition reaction?
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ethene + H2 = ethane
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What does the addition of halogens do to alkenes?
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ethene + bromine = 1,2 dibromo ethane
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What reactions do alkyenes have?
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combustion and addition reaction
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What do you need in order for an addition reaction to occur for alkynes
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needs 2 halogens
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What is a monosaccharide?
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A simple carbohydrate Glucose, Fructose, Galactose (C6H12O6)
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What is a disaccharide?
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'double carbohydrate' 2 x monosaccharides Through a condensation reaction 2C6H12O6 = (enzyme) C12H22O11 + H2O
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What is a polysaccharide?
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'complex carbohydrate' - lots of monosaccharides through a condensation reaction Starch, Cellulose nC6H12O6 = (enzyme) (C6H10O5)n + nH2O
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What is the fermentation reaction equation?
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Glucose -------> (enzyme) ethanol + carbon dioxide C6H12O6 --------> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
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What do alcohol classifications (primary, secondary, tertiary) mean?
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It describes how many carbon atoms are attached to the hydroxyl bearing carbon
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What is a carboxylic acid?
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A weak acid that results in a sour taste, smells bad
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What do carboxylic acids contain?
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The carboxyil group (COOH)
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What are carboxylic acids called?
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----oic acid
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What is the first carbon in carboxylic acids?
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The carbon in the carboxylic acid
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What does a carboxylic acid do when it reacts to a base?
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Makes a salt + water
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What does a carboxylic acid do when it reacts to a alcohol?
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Creates an ester
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How is an ester formed?
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With a reaction of an alcohol and a base to create the ester and water
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How do you name a ester?
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First word: ---yl, comes from alcohol Second word: --- oate from carboxylic acid
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Melting and boiling points in organic chemistry?
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Have low melting and boiling points Because organic molecules are held by intermolecular forces which are weak and are easy to break The larger the molecule, the higher the melting and boiling point is If an OH group is present there are hydrogen bonds, making the boiling and melting points higher
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Volatility in organic chemistry?
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Have high volatility Because have weaker bonds therefore easy to break The larger the molecule, the lower the volatility If an OH group is present there are hydrogen bonds, making the volatility lower
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Solubility in organic chemistry?
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The smaller the carbon chain the more soluble it is because dispersion forces are weaker If there is an alcohol present more soluble because hydrogen bonds can be made easier
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Oxidation of primary alcohols
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Cr2O7 2-/ H (warm) Cr2O7 2-/ H (warm) --------------------------> Aldehyde--------------------------> Carboxylic acid O || (RCH)
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Oxidation of secondary alcohols
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O Cr2O7 2-/ H (warm) || -------------------------> ketone (R-C-R)
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Oxidation of Tertiary alcohols
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No reaction
