Organic Chemistry Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Constitutional Isomers
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Share the same molecular formula but have different connectivity of atoms and different physical properties
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Octet Rule
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Second-row elements generally obey this rule; Bonding to achieve noble gas election configuration
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A formal charge occurs when an atom does not exhibit the appropriate number of
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Valence elections
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Atomic Orbital
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A region of space associated with AN INDIVIDUAL ATOM
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Molecular Orbital
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A region of space associated with AN ENTIRE MOLECULE
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Methane's tetrahedral geometry can be explained using four degenerate __-_______ ______ to achieve its four single bonds.
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sp³-hybridized orbitals
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Ethylene's planar geometry can be explained using three degenerate __-______ ______.
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sp²-hybridized orbitals
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Acetylene's linear geometry is achieved via __-______ ______ atoms.
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sp-hybridized carbon
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The geometry of small compounds can be predicted using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, which focuses on the number of ______ bonds and _____ _____ exhibited by each atom.
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sigma; lone pairs
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The physical properties of compounds are determined by __________ ______, the attractive forces between molecules.
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intermolecular forces
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________ __________ __________ result from the interaction between transient DIPOLE MOMENTS and are stronger for larger alkanes due to their larger surface area and ability to accommodate more interactions
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London Dispersion Forces
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Chemical reactions occur as a result of:
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Motion of electrons
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Constitutional isomers may NOT differ in what aspects?
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Molecular formula
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Which of the following structures represent compounds that are constitutional isomers?
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All of the compounds are constitutional isomers. (same molecular formula, different connectivity ; physical properties)
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Carbon generally forms four bonds and is considered:
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Tetravalent
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A polar covalent bond is found in which of these compunds?
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H?O
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Which of the following represents the best Lewis structure for ammonia, NH??
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3 hydrogen atoms, each attached to 1 nitrogen atom. Lone pair on nitrogen.
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Select the LEAST electronegative elements from the list below: P N Mg Si K
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K (The closer you get to F, fluorine, the MORE electronegative; the further from F, the LESS electronegative).
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In molecular orbital (MO) theory, the molecular orbital of highest energy that is occupied with an electron is referred to as:
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the HOMO.
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The ? carbon-carbon bond indicated by the arrow in the following molecule results from the overlap of which orbitals (in the order left to right)? (Double bond between 2 carbon atoms)
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sp²-sp²
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In BOND-LINE STRUCTURES, ____ atoms and most _____ atoms are not drawn.
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Carbon; hydrogen
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A _______ ____ is a characteristic group of atoms/bonds that show a predictable behavior.
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functional group
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When a carbon atom bears either a positive charge or a negative charge, it will have ____, rather than four, bonds.
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three
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In bond-line structures, a WEDGE represents a group _____ ___ the page, while a DASH represents a group _____ the page.
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coming out; behind
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______ _____ are tools for drawing resonance structures.
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Curved arrows
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When drawing curved arrows for resonance structures, avoid breaking a _____ bond and never exceed an _____ for a second row element.
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single; octet
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There are three rules for identifying significant resonance structures:
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1) Minimize charge 2) Electronegative atoms can bear a positive charge, but only if they possess an octet of electrons 3) Avoid drawing a resonance structure in which two carbon atoms bear opposite charges
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A _____ lone pair participates in resonance and is said to occupy a _ orbital.
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delocalized; p
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A ______ lone pair does not participate in resonance.
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localized
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A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a _____ ______.
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proton donor
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A Brønsted-Lowry base is a ______ _____.
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proton acceptor
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The mechanism of PROTON TRANSFER always involves at least ____ curved arrows.
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two
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A STRONG acid has a ___ pKa, while a weak acid has a ___ pKa.
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low; high
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There are four factors to consider when comparing the ______ of conjugate bases
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stability
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The equilibrium of an acid-base reaction always favors the more _____ negative charge.
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stable
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A LEWIS ACID is an electron _____, while a LEWIS BASE is an electron _____.
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acceptor; donor
