question

Acid

answer

according to the Arrhenius definition, a substance that ionizes in water to produce protons. According to Bronsted-Lowry definition, a substance that donates a proton to some other substance. According to the lewis definition, an electron-pair acceptor

question

Acidity Constant

answer

Ka: Equilibrium constant for dissociation of an acid. Ka= ([H+][A-])/[HA]

question

Activation Energy (Eact)

answer

1. the minimum energy that a reacting system must process above its most stable state in order to undergo a chemical or structural change 2. extra energy needed to get a reaction started: -destabilizes existing (weakened) chemical bonds -required even for exergenic reactions

question

Active Site

answer

region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

question

Alcohols

answer

compound of the type ROH

question

Alkanes

answer

Hydrocarbon in which all the bonds are single bonds. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2

question

Alkenes

answer

Hydrocarbon that contains a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C); also known by the older name olefin

question

Alkyl Group

answer

Structural unit related to a alkane by replacing one of the hydrogens by a potential point of attachment to some other atom or group. The group symbol for an alkyl group is K-

question

Alkyl Halides

answer

compound is a halogen substituent (F, Cl, Br, I)

question

Alkyloxonium IOn (ROH2+)

answer

positive ion of the type ROH2+

question

Alkynes

answer

Hydrocarbon that contains a Carbon-Carbon triple bond

question

Amino Acid Structure

answer

has central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, and variable R group

question

Angle Strain

answer

the strain a molecule possesses because its bond angles are distorted from their normal values

question

Anti

answer

term describing relative position of 2 substituents on adjacent atoms when the angle between their bonds is on the order of 180 degrees.

question

Antibonding Orbital

answer

an orbital in a molecule in which an e- is less stable when located on an isolated atom.

question

Arenes

answer

aromatic hydrocarbon often abbreviated ArH

question

Atomic Number

answer

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom. the symbol for atomic number is Z, and each element has a unique atomic number

question

Atoms

answer

the fundamental elements of matter

question

Attractions

answer

the electric or magnetic force that acts between oppositely charged bodies, tending to draw them together

question

Axial Bond

answer

a bond to a carbon in te chair conformation of cyclohexane oriented like the six "up-and-down" bonds

question

Base

answer

according to the Arrhenius definition, a substance that ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions. According to Bronsted-Lowry definition, a substance that accepts a proton from some suitable donor. According to the Lewis definition, and electron pair donor.

question

Basic Constant Kb

answer

a measure of base strength, especially of amines Kb= ([R3NH+][HO-])/9[R3N]

question

Bio molecular

answer

a process which two particles react in same elementary step

question

Boat Conformation

answer

an unstable conformation of cyclohexane

question

Bond Dipole Moments

answer

The dipole moment of a bond between two atoms

question

Bond Dissociaition Enthalpy (D)

answer

For substance A:B, the energy required to break the bond between A and B so that each retains one of the electrons in the bond

question

Bond-Line Formula

answer

Formula which connections between carbons are shown but individual carbons and hydrogens are not.

question

Bonding Orbital

answer

an orbital in molecule in which an e- is more stable than when localized on an isolated atom. All the bonding orbitals are normally doubly occupied in stable neutral molecules

question

Bond Strength

answer

the strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together; conventionally measured in terms of the amount of energy, in kilocalories per mole, required to break the bond

question

Boundary Surfaces

answer

the surface that encloses the region where the probability of finding an electron is high (90-95%)

question

Bridged Compound

answer

a compound in which two non-adjacent atoms are common to two or more rings

question

Carbocation

answer

positive ion in which the charge resides on carbon. an example is tert-butyl cation, (CH3)3C+. Carbocations are unstable species that, though they cannot normally be isolated, are believed to be intermediates in certain reactions

question

Carbon Skeletal Diagram

answer

synonymous with bond-line formula

question

Chain (reaction)

answer

reaction mechanism in which a sequence of individual steps repeats itself many times usually because a reactive intermediate consumed in one step is regenerated in a subsequent step. The halogenation of alkenes is a chain reaction proceeding via free-radical intermediates

question

Chain-Terminating Steps

answer

a chemical reaction that stops further growth of a polymer chain

question

Chair-Chair inter conversion

answer

synonymous with ring inversion of cyclohexane and related compounds

question

Chair Conformation

answer

the most stable conformation of cyclohexane

question

Chemical Bond

answer

a connection between atoms

question

Chemical Bonds

answer

when atoms with opposite charges attract, atoms are shared, or any other way to interact

question

Cis

answer

stereochemical prefix indicating that two substituents are on the same side of a ring or double bond (contrast with the prefix trans).

question

Combustion

answer

burning of a substance in the presence of oxygen. All hydro-carbons yield carbon dioxide and water when they undergo combustion

question

Compounds

answer

an assembly of two or more atoms with properties different from the individual

question

Concerted Reaction

answer

reaction that occurs in a single elementary step

question

Condensed Formulas

answer

Structural formula in which subscripts are used to indicate replicated atoms or groups, as in (CH3)2CHCH2CH3

question

Conformational Analysis

answer

study of the conformations available to a molecule, their relatively stable and the role they play in defining the properties of the molecule

question

Conformations

answer

Non-identical representations of a molecule generated by rotation about single bonds

question

Conjugate Acid

answer

the species formed from a Bronsted-base aftr it has accepted a proton

question

Conjugate Base

answer

the species formed from a Bronsted acid after it has donated a proton

question

Connectivity

answer

order in which a molecules' atoms are connected. synonymous with constitution

question

Constitutional Isomers

answer

isomers that differ in respect to the order inwhich the atoms are connected. Butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3) and isobutan [CCH3)3CH] are constitutional isomers

question

Contributing Structures

answer

the various resonance structures that can be written for a molecule

question

Coulombic Attraction

answer

the electrical attraction between opposite charges

question

Covalent

answer

of, relating to, or denoting chemistry bonds formed by the sharing of e- between atoms

question

Covalent Bonding

answer

1. chemical bond between two atoms that results from their sharing of two electrons 2. Form when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

question

Cracking

answer

a key step in petroleum refining in which high-molecular-weight hydro carbons are converted to lower molecular-weight ones by thermal or catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage

question

Curved Arrows

answer

arrows that show the direction of electron flow in chemical reactions; also used to show differences in electron placement between resonance forms

question

Cycloalkanes

answer

an alkane in which a ring of carbon atoms is present

question

Debye Unit (D)

answer

unit customary used for measuring dipole moments 1D=1x10^-18 esu*em

question

Delocalized

answer

association of an electron with more than one atom. the simplest example is the shared electron pair (covalent) bond. Delocalization is important in conjugated pi electron systems, where an electron maybe associated with several carbon atoms

question

1,3- Diaxial Repulsions

answer

repulsive forces between axial substituents on the same side of a cyclohexane ring

question

Dipole-Dipole

answer

(includes hydrogen bonding) -attractive forces between the (+) end of one polar molecule and (-) end of another polar molecule

question

Dipole/Induced Dipole

answer

weak attraction that results when a polar molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in a non-polar molecule by disturbing the arrangement of e- in the non-polar species

question

Dipole Moment (mu)

answer

product of the attractive force between two opposite charges and teh distance between them. Dipole moment has the symbol mu and is measured in Debye units (D)

question

Double Bond

answer

Bond formed by the sharing of four electrons between two atoms

question

Eclipsed Conformation

answer

conformation in which bonds on adjacent atoms are aligned with one another

question

Electron Affinity

answer

energy change associated with the capture of an electron by an atom

question

Electron Configuration

answer

the arrangement of e- in the orbitals of an atom or molecule

question

Electronegativity

answer

a measure of the ability of an atom to attract the electrons in a covalent bond toward itself, Flourine is the most electronegative element

question

Electrophiles

answer

a species (ion/compound) that can act as a Lewis acid, or electron pair acceptor; an "electron seeker". Carbocations are one type

question

Electrophilic Addition

answer

mechanism of addition in which the species that first reacts with the multiple bond is an electrophile

question

Electrostatic Attraction

answer

force of attraction between oppositely charged particles

question

Electrostatic Potential Map

answer

the charge distribution in a molecule represented by mapping the interaction energy of a point positive charge with the molecule's electric field on the van der Waals surface

question

Elementary Step

answer

a step in an ion mechanism in which each species shown in the equation for this step participates in the same transition state. Characterized by single transition state.

question

Endergonic Reaction

answer

a reaction requiring an input of energy (change in) G is positive -products contain more free energy than reactants

question

Endothermic

answer

term describing process/reaction that absorbs heat

question

Enthalpy

answer

the heat content of a substance; symbol H

question

Entropy

answer

disorder in the universe

question

Envelope

answer

one of the two most stable conformations of cyclopentane. four of the carbons in the envelope conformation are coplanar; the fifth carbon lies above or below this plane

question

Equatorial Bond

answer

a bond to a carbon in the chair conformation of cyclohexane oriented approximately along the equator of the molecule.

question

Exergonic Reaction

answer

a reaction that releases free energy (change in) G is negative -tend to proceed spontaneously -products contain less free energy than reactants

question

Exothermic

answer

term describing a reaction process that gives off heat

question

First Law of Thermodynamics

answer

-energy cannot be created or destroyed. -energy can be only converted from one form to another

question

Formal Charges

answer

the charge, either +/-, on an atom calculated by subtracting from the number of valance electrons in the neutral atom a number equal to the sum of its unshared electrons plus half the electrons in its covalent bonds

question

Free Energy

answer

the energy available to do work

question

Free Radicals

answer

Neutral species in which one of the e- in the valence shell of carbon unpaired

question

Functional Class Nomenclature

answer

type of IUPAC nomenclature in which compounds are named according to functional group families. the last word in the name identifies the functional group; the first word designates the alkyl or aryl group that bears the functional group. methyl bromide, example

question

Functional Group

answer

an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule responsible for its reactivity under a given set of conditions

question

Gauche

answer

term describing the position relative to each other of two substitutions on adjacent atoms when the angle between their bonds is on the order of 60 degrees.

question

Half-Chair

answer

one of the two most stable conformations of cyclopentane. Three consecutive carbons in the half-chair conformation are coplanar. The 4th/5th carbons lie, respectively, above and below the plane

question

Halogenation

answer

replacement of a hydrogen by a halogen. the most frequently encountered examples are the free radical halogenation of alkanes and the halogenation of arenas by electrophilic aromatic substitution

question

Hammond's Postulate

answer

principle used to deduce the approximate structure of a transition state. If two states such as a transition state and an unstable intermediate derived from it, are similar in energy, they are believed to be similar in structure

question

Heat of Combustion

answer

heat evolved on combustion of a substance. It is the value of -(change in)H degrees for the combustion reaction

question

Heteroatoms

answer

an atom in an organic molecule that is neither carbon nor hydrogen

question

Heterocyclic Compound

answer

cyclic compound in which one or more of the atoms in the ring are elements other than carbon. Heterocyclic compounds may or may not be aromatic

question

Heterolytic Cleavage

answer

Dissociation of a z-e- covalent bond in such a way that both e- are retained by one of the initially bonded atoms

question

Homologous Series

answer

group of structurally related substances in which successive members differ by CH2 group

question

Homolytic Cleavage

answer

dissociation of a z-e- covalent bond in such a way that one e- is retained by each of the initially bonded atoms

question

Hund's Rule

answer

when two orbitals are of equal energy, they are populated by electrons so that each is half-filled by either one is doubly occupied

question

Hydrocarbons

answer

a compound that contains only carbons and hydrogens

question

Hydronium Ions

answer

the species of H3O+

question

Hydrophobic Effect

answer

the excluding of non-polar molecules from water

question

Hyper Conjugation

answer

delocalization of an e-

question

Induced-Dipole/Induced-Dipole attractive force

answer

force of attraction resulting from a mutual and complementing polarization of one molecule by another. also referred to as London forces or dispersion forces

question

Induced-Dipole/Induced-Dipole

answer

(only forces possible in non-polar alkane molecules) non-polar molecule has its e- density shifted by a charged molecule

question

Inductive Effects

answer

an electronic effect transmitted by successive polarization of the a bonds within a molecule or an ion

question

Initiation Step

answer

a process which causes a reaction, usually a free-radical reaction to begin but which by itself is not the principle source of products. In halogenation of an alkane is the dissociation of a halogen molecule to two halogen atoms.

question

Intermediate

answer

transient species formed during a chemical reaction. typically an intermediate is not stable under the conditions of its formation and proceeds further to form the product. unlike a transition state, which corresponds to a max along a potential energy surface, an intermediate lies at a potential energy minimum

question

Intermolecular Attractive Forces

answer

forces, either attractive or repulsive, between two atoms or groups in separate molecules

question

Intramolecular Forces

answer

Forces, either attractive or repulsive between two atoms or groups within the same molecule

question

Ionic Bond

answer

chemical bond between oppositely charged particles that results from the electrostatic attraction between them

question

Ionic Compound/ Bond

answer

opposite charges attract

question

Ionization Energy

answer

amount of energy required to remove an electron from some species

question

Ions (anion/cation)

answer

a charged particle

question

Isobutane

answer

the common name for two-methylpropane, (CH3)3CH

question

Isomers

answer

1. organic molecules having the same structural formula that exist in different forms 2. Different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Isomers may be either constitutional isomers or stereoisomers

question

IUPAC Rules

answer

the most widely used method of naming organic compounds. it uses a set of rules proposed and periodically revised by the international union of pure and applied chemistry

question

Kinetics

answer

Study of reaction rates and the factors that influence them

question

Lewis Structures

answer

a chemical formula in which electrons are represented by dots. two dots (or a line) between two atoms represents a covalent bond in a Lewis Structure. Unshared electrons are explicitly shown, and stable Lewis Structures are those in which the octet rule is satisfied

question

Lewis Acid/Lewis Base Complex

answer

the species that results by covalent bond formation between Lewis acid and a Lewis base

question

localized

answer

restricted to a particular place

question

Main Group Elements

answer

elements in group 1,2, and 13-18

question

Mechanism

answer

sequence of steps that describes how a chemical reaction occurs; a description of the intermediates and transition states that are involved during the transformation of reactants to products

question

Methine Group

answer

the group CH

question

Methylene Group

answer

the group (-CH2-)

question

Methyl Group

answer

the group (-CH3)

question

Molecular Dipole Moment

answer

the overall measured dipole moment of a molecule. It can be calculated as the resultant (or vector sum) of all the individual bond dipole moments

question

Molecular Formula

answer

chemical formula in which subscripts are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element present in one molecule. In organic compounds carbon is cited first, hydrogen second, and the remaining elements in alphabetical order.

question

Molecularity

answer

number of species that react together in the same elementary step of a reaction mechanism

question

Molecules

answer

a cluster of atoms

question

N-Butane

answer

hydrocarbon with formula C4H10 an alkane

question

Neutrophils

answer

1. most abundant circulating Leukocyte 2. first to appear when damage or infection occurs 3. kills by phagocytosis

question

Noble Gases

answer

the elements in group 8A of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon). Also known as the rare gases, thy are with few exceptions, chemically inert

question

Nodal Surfaces

answer

a plane drawn through an orbital where the algebraic sign of a wave functions changes. The probability of finding an electron at a node is zero

question

Nucleophiles

answer

an atom or ion that has an unshared electron pair which can be used to form a bond to carbon. Necleophils are Lewis bases

question

Octet

answer

a filled shell of eight electrons in an atom

question

Octet Rule

answer

when forming compounds, atoms gain, lose, or share electrons so that the number of their valence electrons is the same as that of the nearest noble gas. For the elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and the halogens, this number is eight

question

Orbitals

answer

strictly speaking, a wave function. It is convenient, however to think of an orbital in terms of the probability of finding an electron at some point relative to the nucleus, as the volume inside the boundary surface of an atom, or the region in space where the probability of finding an electron is high

question

Oxidation

answer

the loss of an electron

question

Oxidation Number

answer

the formal charge an atom has when the atoms in its covalent bonds are assigned to the atoms in its covalent bonds are assigned to the more electronegative partner

question

Oxidation-Reduction

answer

a reaction in which an e- is transferred from one atom to another so that each atom undergoes a change in oxidation number.

question

Oxidation State

answer

degree of oxidation of an atom or molecule; for simple atoms or ions the oxidation number is equal to the ionic charge

question

Oxonium Ion

answer

the species H3O+ (also called hydronium ion)

question

Paraffin Hydrocarbons

answer

an old name for alkanes and cycloalkanes

question

Pauli Exclusion Principle

answer

no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers. an equivalent expression is that only two electrons can occupy the same orbital, and then only when they have opposite spins.

question

Pepticle Bond

answer

Chemical bond formed between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of neighboring amino acids, constituting the primary linkage

question

Period (row)

answer

a horizontal row of the periodic table

question

Photochemical Reactions

answer

chemical reaction that occurs when light is absorbed by a substance

question

Pi Bond

answer

a bond in which the e- distribution is concentrated above and below the internuclear axis, rather than along as in a sigma bond. In O-Chem, pi bonds are most often associated with a side-by-side overlap of p orbitals on adjacent atoms that are already connected by a sigma bond

question

Pi Electrons

answer

e- in a pi bond or a pi orbital

question

pKa

answer

a measure of acid strength defined as -log ka. the stronger the acid, the smaller the value of pka

question

Polar Covalent Bond

answer

a shared electron pair bond in which the electrons are drawn more closely to one of the bonded atoms than the other

question

Polarizability

answer

measure of the ease of distortion of the electric field associated with an atom or a group. a fluorine atom in a molecule ex: holds its e-(s) tightly and is very nonpolarizable Iodine is very polarizable.

question

Potential Energy

answer

the energy a system has exclusive of its kinetic energy

question

Potential Energy Diagram

answer

plot potential energy vs. some arbitrary measure of the degree to which a reaction has proceeded (the reaction coordinate) point of max potential energy is their transition state.

question

Primary Carbon

answer

A carbon that is directly attached to only one other carbon.

question

Principal Quantum Number

answer

The quantum number (n) of an electron that describes its energy level. An electron with n=1 must be an s electron; one with n=2 has s and p states available.

question

Propagation

answer

Elementary steps that repeat over and over again a chain reaction almost all of the products in chain reaction arise from the propagation steps.

question

Proton Acceptor

answer

A Bronsted Base.

question

Proton Donor

answer

A Bronsted Acid.

question

Quaternary Carbon

answer

A carbon that is directly attached to four other carbons.

question

Rare Gases

answer

Synonymous with noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon).

question

Rate-Determining Step

answer

Slowest step of a multistep reaction mechanism. The overall rate of reaction can be no faster then its slowest step.

question

Reduction

answer

1. To understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts. 2. Gain of an electron.

question

Refining

answer

Conversion of crude oil to useful materials, especially gasoline.

question

Reforming

answer

Step in oil refining in which the proportion of aromatic and branched - chain hydrocarbons in petroleum is increased so as to improve the octane rating of gasoline.

question

Resonance

answer

Method by which electron delocalization may be shown using lewis structures. The true electron delocalization in a molecule regarded as a hybrid of the various lewis structures that can be written for it.

question

Resonance Hybrid

answer

The collection of lewis structures that, taken together, represent the electron distribution in a molecule.

question

Ring Inversion

answer

Process by which a chair conformation of cyclohexane is converted to a mirror-image chair. All of the equatorial substituents become axial, and vice versa. Also called ring flipping, or chair-chair interconversion.

question

Secondary Carbon

answer

A carbon that is directly attached to two other carbons.

question

Second Law of Thermodynamics

answer

Disorder is more likely than order. States entropy is always increasing.

question

Shared Electron Pair

answer

Two electrons shared between two atoms.

question

Shell

answer

The group of orbitals that have the same principal quantum number (n).

question

Sigma Bond

answer

In valence-bond theory, a bond characterized by overlap of a half-filled orbital of one atom with a half-filled orbital of a second atom along a line connecting the two nuclei.

question

Skew Boat

answer

A conformation of cyclohexane that is less stable than the chair, but slightly more stable than the boat.

question

Sp Hybridization

answer

Hybridization state adopted by carbon when it bonds to two other atoms as, for example, in alkynes. The s orbital and one of the 2p orbitals mix to form two equivalent sp-hybridization orbitals. A linear geometry is characteristic to the sp hybridization.

question

Sp2 Hybrid Orbitals

answer

A modle to describe the bonding of a carbon attached to three other atoms or groups. The carbon 2s orbital and the two 2p orbitals are combined to give a set of three equivalent spy orbitals having 33.3% s character and 66.7% p character. One p orbital remains un-hybridized. A trigonal planar geometry is characteristic of sp2 hybridization.

question

Sp3 Hybrid Orbitals

answer

A modle to describe the bonding of a carbon attached to four other atoms or groups. The carbon 2s orbital and the 3 2p orbitals are combined to give rise to a set of four equivalent orbitals having 25% s character and 75% p character. These orbitals are directed toward the corners of a tetrahedron.

question

Spin

answer

Synonymous with spin quantum number.

question

Spin Density

answer

Measure of the unpaired electron distribution at the various atoms in a molecule.

question

Spin Quantum Number

answer

One of four quantum numbers that describe an electron. The electron may have either of two different spin quantum numbers, + or - 1/2.

question

Spiro Compound

answer

A compound in which a single carbon is common to two rings.

question

Staggered Conformation

answer

Conformation of the type shown, in which the bonds of adjacent carbons are as far away from one another as possible.

question

Standard Free Energy Change (Delta G)

answer

The free energy change of delta G for a reaction occuring under standard condition. The standard state is the state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a substance at a pressure of 1 atm. The standard state for a solution is 1M. pH=7

question

Stereoisomers

answer

Isomers with the same constitution but that different in respect to the arrangement of their atoms in space. (either enantiomers or diastereomers)

question

Stereoisomers

answer

Isomers with the same constitution but that differ in respect to the arrangement of their atoms in space. Stereoisomers may be either enantiomers or diastereomers.

question

Steric Hindrance

answer

An effect on structure or reactivity that depends on van der waals repulsive forces.

question

Steric Strain

answer

Destabilization of a molecule as a result of van der waals repulsion, distorted bond distances, bond angles, or torsion angles.

question

Strain Energy

answer

Excess energy possessed by a species because of van der waals repulsion, distorted bond lengths, bond angles, or torsion angles.

question

Structural Isomers

answer

Synonymous with constitutional isomer.

question

Substitution

answer

The replacement of an atom or group in a molecule by a different atom or group.

question

Substrate

answer

Molecule that will undergo a reaction.

question

Substitutive Nomenclature

answer

Type of IUPAC nomenclature in which a substance is identified by a naming ending in a suffix characteristic of the type of compound.

question

Tetrahedral Angle

answer

The angle between one line directed from the center of a tetrahedron to a vertex and a second line from the center to a different vertex the angle is 109.28.

question

Tertiary Carbon

answer

A carbon that is directly attached to three other carbons.

question

Torsional Strain

answer

Decreased with stability of a molecule associated with eclipsed bonds.

question

Trans

answer

Stereochemical prefix indication that two substituents are on opposite sides of a ring or a double bond.

question

Transition State

answer

Point of max energy in an elementary step of a reaction mechanism.

question

Triple Bond

answer

Bond formed by the sharing of six electrons between two atoms.

question

Twist Boat

answer

Synonymous with skew boat.

question

Unimolecular

answer

Describing a step in a reaction mechanism in which only one particle undergoing a chemical change at the transition state.

question

Unshared Pairs

answer

In a lewis structure, two valence electrons of an atom that are in the same orbital and not shared with any other atom.

question

Valence Bond Theory

answer

Theory of chemical bonding based on overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals between two atoms. Orbital hybridization is an important element of valence bond theory.

question

Valence Electrons

answer

The outermost electrons of an atom. For second row elements these are the 2s and 2p electrons.

question

Valence Shell

answer

The group of orbitals, filled and unfilled, responsible for the characteristic chemical properties of an atom.

question

Valence Shell Electron - Pair Repulsion Model (VSEPR)

answer

Method for predicting the shape of a molecule based on the notion that electron pairs surrounding a central atom repel one another. Four electron pairs will arrange themselves in a tetrahedral geometry, three will assume a trigonal planar geometry, and two electron pairs will adopt a linear arrangement.

question

Van der Waals Forces

answer

Intermolecular forces that do not involve ions (dipole-dipole, dipole/induced-dipole, and induced/induced dipole forces).

question

Van der Waals Radius

answer

A measure of the effective size of an atom or a group. The repulsive force between two atoms increases rapidly when they approach each other at distances less than the sum of their van der waals radii.

question

Van der Waals Strain

answer

Destabilization that results when two atoms or groups approach each other too closely also known as van der waals repulsion.

question

Wave Function

answer

The solution to arith-expressions that express the engery of an electron in an atom.

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