OPENSTAX A&P chapter 1
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systemic anatomy
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study of the structures that make up specific body system example ? study of the nervous system (study 1.1)
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homeostasis
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state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things (section 1.1)
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cell
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smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism (section 1.2)
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organelles
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tiny functioning units within a cell (section 1.2)
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tissue
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group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function (section 1.2)
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organ
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anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types each organ performs one or more physiological function withing the body (section 1.2)
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organ system
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group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body (section 1.2)
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organism
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living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life (section 1.2)
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anabolism
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assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules _________ consumes energy (section 1.3)
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catabolism
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breakdown of more complex molecules into simpler ones __________ releases energy (section 1.3)
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metabolism
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sum of chemical (anabolic and catabolic) reactions that take place in the body (section 1.3
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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chemical compound that is the energy currency of cells (section 1.3)
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responsiveness
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ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments (section 1.3)
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development
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chronological sequence of changes that a body undergoes includes processes of ? differentiation ? growth ? reproduction (section 1.3)
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differentiation
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process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function (section 1.3)
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growth
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process of increase in size (section 1.3)
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reproduction
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formation of a new organism from parent organism(s) (section 1.3)
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requirements of life
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? oxygen ? nutrients (water, macro-, micro-) ? narrow range of temperature (within few degrees of 37°C or 98.6°F) ? narrow range of atmospheric pressure (section 1.4)
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nutrient
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chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival examples ? water ? macronutrients: energy-yielding (carbohydrates, lipids) and body-building (proteins) nutrients ? micronutrients: vitamins and minerals (section 1.4)
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sweating
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bodily response to high temperatures that causes water to be secreted through the skin and evaporated removing some thermal energy from the body (section 1.4)
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shiverring
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random muscle movement that generates heat (section 1.4)
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pressure
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force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance (section 1.4)
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atmospheric pressure
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pressure exerted by the mixture of gasses (primarily N and O) on the Earth's atmosphere (section 1.4)
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respiration
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taking on of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide (section 1.4)
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decompression sickness (DCS)
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condition in which gasses dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in the pressure on the body gasses dissolved in blood (primarily nitrogen) come rapidly out of solution, forming bubbles in the blood and in other bodily tissues treatment includes hyperbaric chamber and oxygen therapies (section 1.4)
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set point
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physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates example ? body temperature of 98.6°F (section 1.5)
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normal range
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restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable (section 1.5)
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negative feedback
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mechanism that prevents a physiological response from going beyond the normal range by reversing the action once the normal range is exceeded 3 basic components ? sensor (receptor) ? control center ? effector (section 1.5)
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sensor
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component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value example ? (sweat response) nerve cells in skin and brain (section 1.5)
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control center
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component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range example ? (sweat response) temperature-regulating hypothalamus (section 1.5)
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effector
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component in a feedback system that cause a change in a value example ? (sweat response) sweat glands (section 1.5)
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positive feedback
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process that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it results in changes in status of body, rather than its homeostasis (section 1.5)
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anatomical position
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position of the body whereby it is ? upright ? feet shoulder width apart and parallel ? toes forward (section 1.6)
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prone
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oriented face-down (section 1.6)
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supine
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oriented face-up (section 1.6)
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anterior
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describes the front or direction toward the front of the body a.k.a. "ventral" example ? toes are ________ to the foot (section 1.6)
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posterior
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describes the back or direction toward the back of the body a.k.a. "dorsal" example ? popliteus is _________ to the patella (section 1.6)
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superior
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describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper a.k.a. "cranial" example ? orbits are ________ to the oris (section 1.6)
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inferior
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describes a below, or lower than, another part of the body proper a.k.a. caudal example ? pelvis is ________ to the abdomen (section 1.6)
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lateral
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describes the side or direction toward the side of the body example ? thumb (pollex) is _______ to the digits (section 1.6)
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medial
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describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body example ? hallux is the ______ toe (section 1.6)
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proximal
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describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body example ? brachium is ________ to the femur (section 1.6)
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distal
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describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body example ? the crus is ______ to the femur (section 1.6)
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superficial
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describes a position closer to the surface of the body example ? skin is ___________ to the bones (section 1.6)
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deep
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describes a position farther from the surface of the body example ?brain is ____ to the skull
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section
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two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut (section 1.6)
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plane
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imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body (section 1.6)
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sagittal plane
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plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides (section 1.6)
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midsagittal plane
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plane that runs directly down the middle of the body dividing it into equal right and left sides a.k.a. "median plane" (section 1.6)
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parasagittal plane
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plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides a.k.a. "longitudinal section" (section 1.6)
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frontal plane
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plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion a.k.a. coronal plane (section 1.6)
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transverse plane
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plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions produces images referred to as cross-sections (section 1.6)
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dorsal cavity
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posterior body cavity that houses the brain and the spinal cord a.k.a. "posterior cavity"
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ventral cavity
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larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and the peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs a.k.a. "anterior cavity" (section 1.6)
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cranial cavity
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division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain (section 1.6)
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spinal cavity
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division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord a.k.a. "vertebral cavity" (section 1.6)
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thoracic cavity
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division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea (section 1.6)
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abdominopelvic cavity
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division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera (section 1.6)
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serous membrane
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membrane that covers organs and reduces friction a.k.a. "serosa" (section 1.6)
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pleura
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serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs (section 1.6)
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pericardium
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serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity (section 1.6)
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x-ray
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a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones (section 1.7)
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computed tomography (CT)
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noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures of the body invented in the 1970s operates on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels (section 1.7)
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals (section 1.7)
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues (section 1.7)
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ultrasonography
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application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs (section 1.7)
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renewal
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process by which worn-out cells are replaced
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