Oceanography Exam 1 Chapters 1, 2, 5 & appendix 3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Pacific Ocean
answer
World's Largest Ocean - Area, Volume, and Mean Depth ~World's Largest Geographic Feature - covers more than 1/3 of Earth's Surface ~More than 25,000 Islands
question
Atlantic Ocean
answer
2nd Largest Ocean - About half the size of Pacific ~S-shaped Basin ~Land Area that Drains into Atlantic is 4x that of the Pacific or Indian ~Very Few Islands
question
Indian Ocean
answer
Important in Trade between Asia and Africa ~20% of Ocean Surface ~Primarily in Southern Hemisphere
question
Arctic Ocean
answer
Smallest and Shallowest Ocean ~Located Entirely in the North Pole Region ~Connected to the Pacific by the Bering Strait ~Connected to the Atlantic by the Greenland Sea ~Average Depth 1,117 meters
question
Southern Ocean
answer
Also known as the Antarctic Ocean ~Circumnavigates (Surrounds) Antarctica ~Consists of portions of Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans south of -50° Latitude ~Defined by meeting of currents near Antarctica called the Antarctic Convergence
question
The Seven Seas
answer
The Red Sea The Mediterranean Sea The Persian Gulf The Black Sea The Adriatic Sea The Caspian Sea The Indian Ocean
question
Oceanography
answer
Ocean - from Greek word Oceanus (Titan son of the Gods Uranus and Gaea) Graphy - from the Greek word Graphia meaning to record or describe ~Consists of Cross-Disciplines: Chemistry, Geology, Biology, & Physics
question
Oceanology
answer
Ocean - from Greek word Oceanus (Titan son of the Gods Uranus and Gaea) Logy - The Science/Study of
question
Latitude
answer
Imaginary Horizontal (Y-axis) lines called Parallels ~Divides the world in half at the Equator (0°), separating the Northern and Southern Hemispheres ~Begins at Equator (0°) and extends to the North Pole (90°), and to the South Pole (-90°) ~Always Noted first in Geographic Coordinates
question
Longitude
answer
Imaginary Vertical (X-axis) Lines called Meridians ~Divides world into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres beginning at the Prime Meridian (0°) which travels around the earth going through Greenwich, England ~Each Meridian Circles the Earth, traveling through the North and South Poles ~180 degrees Longitude is the International Date Line.
question
Navigational Grid
answer
A point on the Earth's surface found using a geographic grid (Longitude and Latitude) ~Divided for notation into Degree ( °)of an Arc (angular Distance) which equals 60 minutes ( ') of arc. One minute of arc is equal to 60 seconds ( ") of arc. (e.g. [35°36'23.96" N, 77°21'58.42"W] or [35°36'23.96", -77°21'58.42"])
question
Angular Distance
answer
Measured in degrees of arc ~Distance between each Meridian from the Prime Meridian or Parallel from the Equator
question
What are the 3 Stages in the History of Oceanography?
answer
Stage 1: Ocean Exploration Stage 2: Early Scientific Investigations and Documentation Stage 3: Modern Oceanography
question
Ocean Exploration
answer
Explorers; Describes Geography of the Oceans and Land Masses ~Began approximately 40,000 to 60,000 Years ago; in 500B.C. (No written History prior to 16th century) ~Simple tools for ship building and Navigation (e.g. Stick Chart, Sextant) ~Primarily in Pacific due to large number of Islands
question
Ocean Exploration Stage Migration Explorers
answer
Migration Voyages: ~Polynesians ~Phoenicians (1st from Western Hemisphere) ~Greeks (Phytheas, Herodotus) ~Vikings (Middle Ages; Scandinavian Adventurers)
question
Ocean Exploration Stage European Explorers
answer
~Prince Henry to Navigator (s. 1392-1460): Under his banner Explorers Compiled detailed charts and explored the West Coast of Africa ~Christopher Columbus (sail 1492 - 93) Sailed to Caribbean while trying to get to India; Stories Inspired additional exploration ~Bartholomew Diaz (s. 1486 - 88) - Rounded Cape Agulhas (Cape of Good Hope) at the Southern tip of Africa ~Vasco da Gama (s. 1498) - Continued around tip of Africa to India; established new Eastern Trade Route.
question
Scientific Method
answer
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem 1. Purpose/Question - State the Problem 2. Research - Find out about the topic 3. Hypothesis - Predict the outcome to the problem 4. Experiment - Develop a procedure to test the hypothesis 5. Analysis - Record the results of the experiment 6. Conclusion - Make a statement comparing the hypothesis to the Analysis Conclusion
question
Early Scientific Investigations and Documentation Stage
answer
Scientific approach to study the Oceans using the Scientific Method ~Sponsored research into the 18th and 19th century ~Lead by the British (Royal Society of London) ~1st book dedicated to Oceanography published "The Physical Geography of the Sea" by Matthew Fontaine Maury
question
Captain James Cook
answer
1728 - 1779 Early Scientific Investigations and Documentation Stage Explorer ~English Navigator and Explorer ~3 Voyages of scientific discovery between 1768-1779 ~Constructed accurate charts of coastlines ~Proved value of John Harrison's Chronometer to determine Longitude ~Determined outline of Pacific Ocean ~Made observations about the geology and biology of unexplored regions ~Discovered Hawaiian Islands (killed in skirmish with natives) ~1st person to cross Antarctic Circle while looking for Antarctica
question
Scientific Investigations Stage Explorers
answer
~Captain James Cook: Accurate Charts ~Benjamin Franklin: Charted Gulf Stream ~Charles Darwin: Explored Coastlines and Studied Biology on the HMS Beagle (Primarily Known for his Natural Selection and Evolution Theories) ~Charles Wyville Thompson: Deep Ocean work on HMS Challenger
question
Modern Oceanography
answer
20th Century to Present Day ~Characterized by Technological Advances; Interdisciplinary; International Investigations ~World War I and World War II made the world view Oceans as critical (e.g. Sonar) ~Spurred on by the design of Interdisciplinary experiments and a reliance on complex instruments and Samplers ~Large scale research efforts stimulated by U.S. Navy recruiting Civilian Scientists ~Post war support led to Sea grant and new Instrumentation ~Formation of Oceanographic Research Centers ~Deep-Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the International Program of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) ~Deep Sea drilling, Advanced in-water Technologies, and NASA Earth Observation Mission
question
The Big Bang Theory
answer
Largely accepted theory for how the Universe Began ~The universe began from a "singularity" (Infinitely Small and Dense) ~All mass and energy in a single point exploded and is still expanding. ~Occurred approximately 13.8 Billion Years Before Present (YBP)
question
What do Plants Need to Grow?
answer
1. Sunlight (on water surface) 2. Water 3. CO₂ 4. Nutrients
question
Hemisphere
answer
Half of a Sphere
question
El Niño
answer
A southerly flowing warm surface that generally develops of the coast of Ecuador around Christmastime. ~Occasionally moves further South into Peruvian Coastal waters ~Causes widespread death of plankton, fish, and other organisms.
question
La Niña
answer
An event where the surface temperature in the waters of the eastern South Pacific falls below average values. ~Often follows an El Niño event.
question
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
answer
The correlation of El Niño events with an Oscillatory (movement between two extremes) pattern of pressure change in a persistent high-pressure cell in the Southern Pacific and a persistent low-pressure cell over the East Indies
question
Ocean Basin
answer
Anywhere on Earth Covered by Sea water
question
Convergence
answer
The act of coming together from different directions. ~There are Polar, Tropical, and Subtropical regions where water masses with different characteristics come together. ~Along these lines of convergence, the Denser masses sink beneath the others
question
Upwelling
answer
The Process by which deep, cold, nutrient-laden water is brought to the surface, usually by diverging equatorial currents or coastal currents that pull surface waters away from the coast
question
Isostasy
answer
Iso = Single/Same Static = Still/Unmoving ~Refers to the balance of an object "floating" upon a fluid medium. e.g. Iceberg ~Condition of equilibrium, comparable to buoyancy, by which the Earth's crust floats on the plastic Mantle called Isostatic Adjustment.
question
Isostatic Adjustment
answer
Vertical Movement of Earth's Crust ~Buoyancy of Lithosphere on Asthenosphere ~Less Dense Continental Crust floats higher than denser Oceanic Crust
question
Isostatic Rebound
answer
Rising of crust formerly weighed down by glacier Ice ~Upward movement of crustal material due to Isostasy
question
Synoptic Picture
answer
An Image taken from Space
question
Biosphere
answer
The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life ~The sum of all the planet's ecosystems including land, water, and air or atmosphere.
question
Boreal Spring
answer
In or coming from the Northern Hemisphere ~Area characterized by Long Winters and Short, cool to mild summers
question
Austral Autumn
answer
In or coming from the Southern Hemisphere
question
Nebular Hypothesis
answer
A Model that describes the formation of the Solar system by contraction of a Nebula ~All Bodies in the Solar System formed from a Nebula ~Gravity Concentrates material at the center of the cloud. ~Protostar - Sun = Center of Gravitational attraction ~Proplanets form from smaller concentrations of matter
question
Nebula
answer
A diffuse Mass of Interstellar Dust and/or Gas ~Mainly Hydrogen and Helium
question
Proto
answer
Beginning State/First
question
Density
answer
*A Fundamental Property of Matter* ~The State or quality of being dense ~Compactness/Closely set or crowded condition ~The Amount of MASS contained in a VOLUME ~Mass/Volume = Density ~Usually expressed as g/cm³ ~The more mass contained in a cubic cm (cm³) the Higher the Density
question
Protoearth
answer
Formed 4.8 Billion YBP ~Homogeneous Composition ~Characterized by Collisions - Transfer Mass and Energy ~Larger than Earth today ~Heat from contraction - Protoplanet shrinks due to gravity - partially melts ~Radioactive Heat due to Spontaneous disintegration of Atoms and Fusion Reactions
question
Density Stratification
answer
A layering based on Density - Layered Earth ~Highest Density material occupies the lowest space ~High Density Iron and Nickel settled in Core ~Less Dense materials formed concentric Spheres around Core ~Early Earth experienced Gravitational Seperation
question
Chemical Differentiation
answer
The sinking of denser elements to the center of a young molten planet. ~Core, Mantle, Crust
question
Physical Differentiation
answer
Pressure and temperature determine whether the interior is solid or liquid ~Inner Core, Outer Core, Mesosphere, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere
question
Concentric
answer
Circles or arcs that share the same center.
question
What is the chemical makeup of the Core?
answer
Iron (Fe) Nickel (Ni) Sulfur (S)
question
What is the Chemical makeup of the Mantle?
answer
Silicate Materials: ~Magnesium (mg) ~Iron (Fe) ~Silicon (Si) ~Oxygen (O)
question
What is the Chemical makeup of the Crust?
answer
Light Silicate Materials: *Granite - Continental Crust - Si, Al, O *Basalt - Oceanic Crust -Si, mg, O ~Silicon (Si) ~Aluminum (Al) ~Oxygen (O) ~Magnesium (mg)
question
Inner Core
answer
A dense, SOLID/RIGID Sphere at Earth's Center
question
Outer Core
answer
the LIQUID layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the Mesosphere and surrounds the inner Core
question
Mesosphere
answer
The RIGID, lower part of the mantle between the Asthenosphere and the outer core
question
Asthenosphere
answer
The Relatively hot, PLASTIC (Shares properties with both liquid and solid) layer of the earth ~Flows with high Viscosity ~Above the Mesosphere, below the Lithosphere ~Includes Upper Mantle
question
Viscosity
answer
Viscosus = Sticky ~Resistance to flow, changes with Temperature ~Cold = Higher ~Heat = Lower ~High Viscosity = High resistance to flow
question
Lithosphere
answer
Cool, RIGID shell ~Includes Crust and topmost Upper Mantle ~Divided into Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust
question
Oceanic Crust
answer
Denser part of Lithosphere that underlies ocean basins ~Composed of dark colored, igneous rock Basalt ~Relatively high density 3.0 g/cm³
question
Continental Crust
answer
Less dense part of Lithosphere ~Composed of lighter colored, igneous rock Granite ~Approximate Density 2.7 g/cm³
question
Convection
answer
Heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another ~Movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter (less dense) material to rise and colder (denser) material to sink
question
Convection Cell
answer
A circular-moving loop of matter involved in a convective movement ~Cycle in which heated material rises and cooler material sinks
question
Physical States of Matter
answer
Determined by combined effects of Pressure and Temperature ~Solid ~Liquid ~Gas ~Increased Temperature provides additional energy to the atoms and molecules of matter (Allows them to move further apart - Eventually causes material to melt) ~Increase of pressure raises the melting point of a material (Melts at a Higher Temperature)
question
Continental Mountains
answer
Formed by compression ~Evidence that mid-ocean ridge "Mountains" are spreading
question
Moho
answer
Boundary between rocks of the Crust and the denser rocks of the Mantle
question
Physiography
answer
Another name for Physical Geography ~Description of the feature of the phenomena of nature
question
Bathymetry
answer
Measurement of depth of water in Oceans, Seas, or Lakes
question
Continental Margins
answer
Massive wedges of sediment eroded from the land and deposited along the continental edge ~The submerged area next to a continent comprising of Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, and Continental Rise
question
Continental Shelf
answer
A gently sloping depositional surface extending from the low water line to the depth of a marked increase in slope around the margin of a continent or island
question
Continental Slope
answer
A relatively steeply sloping surface lying seaward of the continental shelf
question
Continental Rise
answer
A gently sloping depositional surface at the base of a continental slope
question
Deep-Ocean Basins
answer
Areas of the ocean floor that have deep water, are far from land, and are underlain by Basaltic crust ~Between the ocean provinces, continental margins, and the mid-ocean ridge
question
Mid-Ocean Ridge
answer
A linear, volcanic mountain range that extends through all major oceans, rising 1 to 3 km (0.6 to 2 mi) above the deep-ocean basins ~Largest mountain range, extending about 60,000 km around the Earth ~Rift Valleys are common along the central axis ~Source of new Oceanic Crust Material
question
Rift Valleys
answer
A deep fracture or break extending along the crest of a mid-ocean ridge
question
Outgassing
answer
The process by which gases are removed from within Earth's interior ~Occurred during density stratification ~Outgassed water vapor fall as rain
question
Salinity
answer
Ocean Salts ~Developed from dissolved rock elements ~Early acidic rain disolved more crustal minerals than today ~A measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in ocean water. ~Normally computed from conductivity, refractive index, or chlorinity
question
Continental Drift
answer
Term applied to theories supporting the idea that the continents move across Earth's surface through time ~movement of continents from single super-continent, Pangaea, to current configuration
question
Seafloor Spreading
answer
A process producing the Lithosphere where convective upwelling of magma along the oceanic ridges moves the ocean floor away from the ridge axes at rates between: ~1 to 10 cm/year (Professor notes) ~2 to 12 cm/year (Textbook)
question
Subduction Zones
answer
A Long narrow region Beneath Earth's surface in which Lithospheric Plate descends beneath another as they converge ~Locations where old Sea floor is being destroyed ~Concentrated in Mid-Ocean ridges and continental coasts along transform faults, trenches, and Island arcs
question
Plate Techtonics
answer
Global Dynamics having to do with the movement of a small number of semirigid sections of Earth's crust (Lithospheric Plates), with seismic activity and volcanism occurring at the margins (Trenches, Oceanic ridges, and faults) of these sections. ~Resulted in changes in the geographic positions of continents and the shape and size of ocean basins ~Plate edges extend through Lithosphere and are defined by Seismicity ~Lithospheric plates are moved by convection cells in the Asthenosphere
question
Seismicity
answer
Frequency, Magnitude, and distribution of Earthquakes or Earth vibrations (Including artificially induced)
question
Gondwanaland
answer
A hypothetical protocontinent of the Southern Hemisphere ~Named for Gondwana region of India ~Included present-day continental masses of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, and South America
question
Alfred Wegener
answer
Proposed Continental Drift Theory (Early 20th c) ~One of the first scientists to use multiple lines of evidence to suggest that continents are mobile ~Suggested that 200 million years ago all the continents were combined into one large continent (Pangaea) surrounded by a single large Ocean (Panthalassa)
question
Sir Edmund Bullard
answer
In early 1960's used computer program to fit continents together ~Proved Wegener's Theory by showing that Continents fit together remarkably well
question
Earth's Magnetic Field
answer
Earth has a polar north and south from which magnetic lines of force are present ~Does not match Geographic (North and South) Poles ~Has reversed multiple times since protoearth ~Proved by Magnetic particles in magma aligning with field and solidifies in field's position at that time
question
Magnetic Anomoly
answer
A distortion of the regular pattern of Earth's Magnetic Field ~Results from various magnetic properties of local concentrations of ferromagnetic (Highly Susceptible to Magnetism) minerals in Earth's Crust ~Alternate strong (positive) and weak (negative) in response to sea floor influence ~Form parallel bands arranged Symmetrically about the axis (center) of Oceanic Ridge - Seafloor spreading
question
Cores
answer
A cylinder of sediment and/or rock material obtained by drilling (Think of Coring an Apple) ~Visible distinction (lines) between sediment layers
question
What are the 3 Boundary Plate types?
answer
1. Divergence 2. Convergence 3. Transform
question
Divergence Boundary
answer
A Lithospheric plate boundary where adjacent plates diverge (move away from each other) ~Produces an Oceanic Ridge or Rise ~Divergence/Movement in opposite directions is also called Rifting ~Spreading Center, where new ocean floor is created
question
Convergence Boundary
answer
Lithospheric Plate Boundary where Adjacent plates Converge (move towards each other) ~Produces Ocean trench-Island Arc systems, Ocean trench-Continental Volcanic Arcs, or Folded Mountain Ranges ~The converging plates either overlap or collide
question
Transform Boundary
answer
The Boundary between two Lithospheric plates formed by a transform fault (Fault that moves side-to-side/sliding against each other)
question
What are the 3 Types of Spreading Centers
answer
1. Oceanic Rise 2. Oceanic Ridge 3. Ultra slow
question
Oceanic Rise
answer
A portion of the global mid-ocean ridge system ~Characterized by fast spreading and gently slopes ~East Pacific
question
Oceanic Ridge
answer
Portion of global mid-ocean ridge system ~Characterized by Slow Spreading and Steep Slopes ~Mid Atlantic
question
Ultra Slow
answer
Portion of global mid-ocean ridge system ~Characterized by Deep rift valley and Widely scattered Volcanoes ~Arctic and South West India
question
Andesite
answer
A gray, fine-grained volcanic rock composed chiefly of plagioclase feldspar
question
The Wilson Cycle
answer
Model that uses plate tectonic process to show the distinctive life cycle of Ocean basins during their formation, growth, and destruction
question
Thermonuclear Fusion
answer
A high temperature process in which Hydrogen atoms are converted to Helium atoms ~Releases large amounts of energy
question
Heterotrophs
answer
Animals and bacteria that depend on the organic compounds produced by other organisms as food ~Not capable of producing own food by photosynthesis ~An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
question
Autotrophs
answer
Algae, plants, and bacteria that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic nutrients ~Organisms that are able to make their own food
question
Anaerobic Bacteria
answer
Bacteria that does not need oxygen to grow or survive
question
Photosynthesis
answer
The process by which plants and algae produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll using light energy and releasing oxygen
question
The Great Oxidation Event
answer
Based on chemical makeup of certain rocks, Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich and fundamentally changed Earth's ability to support life
question
Half-Life
answer
Length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
question
Radiometric age dating
answer
A technique that involves the use of radioactive half-lives to determine the age of a rock.
question
Geologic time scale
answer
Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
question
Precambrian/Proterozoic
answer
630 million YBP to 542 million YBP ~First Organisms
question
Paleozoic
answer
542 million YBP to 252 million YBP ~First Fish, land plants, insects, and reptiles ~Ended with extinction of 90% of marine life
question
Mesozoic
answer
252 million YBP to 65.5 million YBP ~Dinosaurs dominant ~First birds and flowering plants ~Ended with Extinction of Dinosaurs and many other species
question
Cenozoic
answer
65.5 million YBP to Present Time ~Humans develop in approximately 0.01 million YBP
question
Magnetic Dip
answer
The dip of magnetite particles in rock units of Earth's crust relative to sea level ~Approximately equivalent to Latitude ~Also called magnetic Inclination
question
Harry Hess
answer
Princton geologist who proposed Sea Floor Spreading in 1962 as the mechanism for Pangea's break-up
question
Heat Flow
answer
Flux ~The quantity of heat flow to earth's surface per unit of time
question
Continental Arc
answer
An arc shaped row of active Volcanoes produced by Subduction that occurs along convergent active continental margins
question
Island Arc
answer
A linear arrangement of Islands, many of which are volcanic ~Usually curved so the concave side faces a sea separating the Islands from a continent ~The Convex side faces the open ocean and is bounded by a deep-ocean trench
question
Hotspot
answer
The relatively stationary surface expression of a persistent column of molten mantle material rising to the surface
question
Intraplate features
answer
Any feature that occurs within a tectonic plate and not along a plate boundary
question
Mantle Plumes
answer
A rising column of molten magma from Earth's mantle
question
Nematath
answer
A linear chain of Islands and/or Seamounts that are progressively older in one direction ~Created by passage of a Lithospheric plate over a hotspot
question
Seamounts
answer
An individual volcanic peak extending over 1000 meters above the surrounding ocean floor
question
Guyots
answer
Tablemount ~A conical volcanic feature on the ocean floor resembling a seamount except that it has had its top truncated to a relatively flat surface
question
Van der Waals forces
answer
a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
question
Condensation
answer
the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.
question
Heat Capacity
answer
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of substance by one degree Celsius of Kelvin
question
Thermostatic Effects
answer
Properties that act to moderate temperature changes
question
Marine Effect
answer
Oceans moderate temperature changes from day to night and during different seasons
question
Continental Effect
answer
Land areas have greater range of temperature from day to night and during different seasons
question
Principle of Constant Proportions
answer
The amount of dissolved substances in water is the same proportionally in combined weight
question
Salinometer
answer
a hydrometer that determines the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their density
question
Brackish
answer
Mixed fresh and salt water.
question
Hypersaline
answer
water with salt levels surpassing that of normal ocean water ( more than 3.5% salts).
question
Runoff
answer
water from rainfall that is not absorbed into the soil and instead flows into streams or lakes
question
Hydrologic Cycle
answer
The continuous circulation of water among the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth.
question
Residence Time
answer
The average time a given molecule of water will stay in a given water source
question
Alkaline
answer
A solution having a pH greater than 7.0
question
Base
answer
compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution
question
PH Scale
answer
A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
question
Nuetral
answer
pH of 7
question
Buffering
answer
Resistance to change in acidity or alkalinity.
question
Halocline
answer
a layer of water in which the salinity changes rapidly with changes in depth
question
Thermocline
answer
A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes
question
Pycnocline
answer
a layer in an ocean or other body of water in which water density increases rapidly with depth.
question
Mixed Surface Layer
answer
The surface layer of the ocean water mixed by wave and tide motions to produce relatively isothermal and isohaline conditions
question
Upper Water
answer
Upper, low-density area that contains the thermocline and pycnocline
question
Deep Water
answer
Lower, high-density water below thermocline to ocean floor
question
Desalination
answer
A process of removing salt from ocean water
question
Distillation
answer
A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points
question
Solar Distillation
answer
Process by which ocean water can be desalinated by evaporation and condensation of the vapor on the cover of a container ~Condensate runs into separate container and is collected as fresh water ~Also called solar humidification
question
Electrolysis
answer
The process separating the hydrogen-oxygen bond in water using an electrical current.
question
Reverse Osmosis
answer
A technique for purifying water by forcing it through a semipermeable membrane.
question
Isopycnal
answer
A water column that has the same density over depth with neutral stability
question
Freeze Seperation
answer
Process of freezing and thawing seawater and washing the salts from the ice
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New