question

Pacific Ocean

answer

World's Largest Ocean - Area, Volume, and Mean Depth ~World's Largest Geographic Feature - covers more than 1/3 of Earth's Surface ~More than 25,000 Islands

question

Atlantic Ocean

answer

2nd Largest Ocean - About half the size of Pacific ~S-shaped Basin ~Land Area that Drains into Atlantic is 4x that of the Pacific or Indian ~Very Few Islands

question

Indian Ocean

answer

Important in Trade between Asia and Africa ~20% of Ocean Surface ~Primarily in Southern Hemisphere

question

Arctic Ocean

answer

Smallest and Shallowest Ocean ~Located Entirely in the North Pole Region ~Connected to the Pacific by the Bering Strait ~Connected to the Atlantic by the Greenland Sea ~Average Depth 1,117 meters

question

Southern Ocean

answer

Also known as the Antarctic Ocean ~Circumnavigates (Surrounds) Antarctica ~Consists of portions of Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans south of -50° Latitude ~Defined by meeting of currents near Antarctica called the Antarctic Convergence

question

The Seven Seas

answer

The Red Sea The Mediterranean Sea The Persian Gulf The Black Sea The Adriatic Sea The Caspian Sea The Indian Ocean

question

Oceanography

answer

Ocean - from Greek word Oceanus (Titan son of the Gods Uranus and Gaea) Graphy - from the Greek word Graphia meaning to record or describe ~Consists of Cross-Disciplines: Chemistry, Geology, Biology, & Physics

question

Oceanology

answer

Ocean - from Greek word Oceanus (Titan son of the Gods Uranus and Gaea) Logy - The Science/Study of

question

Latitude

answer

Imaginary Horizontal (Y-axis) lines called Parallels ~Divides the world in half at the Equator (0°), separating the Northern and Southern Hemispheres ~Begins at Equator (0°) and extends to the North Pole (90°), and to the South Pole (-90°) ~Always Noted first in Geographic Coordinates

question

Longitude

answer

Imaginary Vertical (X-axis) Lines called Meridians ~Divides world into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres beginning at the Prime Meridian (0°) which travels around the earth going through Greenwich, England ~Each Meridian Circles the Earth, traveling through the North and South Poles ~180 degrees Longitude is the International Date Line.

question

Navigational Grid

answer

A point on the Earth's surface found using a geographic grid (Longitude and Latitude) ~Divided for notation into Degree ( °)of an Arc (angular Distance) which equals 60 minutes ( ') of arc. One minute of arc is equal to 60 seconds ( ") of arc. (e.g. [35°36'23.96" N, 77°21'58.42"W] or [35°36'23.96", -77°21'58.42"])

question

Angular Distance

answer

Measured in degrees of arc ~Distance between each Meridian from the Prime Meridian or Parallel from the Equator

question

What are the 3 Stages in the History of Oceanography?

answer

Stage 1: Ocean Exploration Stage 2: Early Scientific Investigations and Documentation Stage 3: Modern Oceanography

question

Ocean Exploration

answer

Explorers; Describes Geography of the Oceans and Land Masses ~Began approximately 40,000 to 60,000 Years ago; in 500B.C. (No written History prior to 16th century) ~Simple tools for ship building and Navigation (e.g. Stick Chart, Sextant) ~Primarily in Pacific due to large number of Islands

question

Ocean Exploration Stage Migration Explorers

answer

Migration Voyages: ~Polynesians ~Phoenicians (1st from Western Hemisphere) ~Greeks (Phytheas, Herodotus) ~Vikings (Middle Ages; Scandinavian Adventurers)

question

Ocean Exploration Stage European Explorers

answer

~Prince Henry to Navigator (s. 1392-1460): Under his banner Explorers Compiled detailed charts and explored the West Coast of Africa ~Christopher Columbus (sail 1492 - 93) Sailed to Caribbean while trying to get to India; Stories Inspired additional exploration ~Bartholomew Diaz (s. 1486 - 88) - Rounded Cape Agulhas (Cape of Good Hope) at the Southern tip of Africa ~Vasco da Gama (s. 1498) - Continued around tip of Africa to India; established new Eastern Trade Route.

question

Scientific Method

answer

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem 1. Purpose/Question - State the Problem 2. Research - Find out about the topic 3. Hypothesis - Predict the outcome to the problem 4. Experiment - Develop a procedure to test the hypothesis 5. Analysis - Record the results of the experiment 6. Conclusion - Make a statement comparing the hypothesis to the Analysis Conclusion

question

Early Scientific Investigations and Documentation Stage

answer

Scientific approach to study the Oceans using the Scientific Method ~Sponsored research into the 18th and 19th century ~Lead by the British (Royal Society of London) ~1st book dedicated to Oceanography published "The Physical Geography of the Sea" by Matthew Fontaine Maury

question

Captain James Cook

answer

1728 - 1779 Early Scientific Investigations and Documentation Stage Explorer ~English Navigator and Explorer ~3 Voyages of scientific discovery between 1768-1779 ~Constructed accurate charts of coastlines ~Proved value of John Harrison's Chronometer to determine Longitude ~Determined outline of Pacific Ocean ~Made observations about the geology and biology of unexplored regions ~Discovered Hawaiian Islands (killed in skirmish with natives) ~1st person to cross Antarctic Circle while looking for Antarctica

question

Scientific Investigations Stage Explorers

answer

~Captain James Cook: Accurate Charts ~Benjamin Franklin: Charted Gulf Stream ~Charles Darwin: Explored Coastlines and Studied Biology on the HMS Beagle (Primarily Known for his Natural Selection and Evolution Theories) ~Charles Wyville Thompson: Deep Ocean work on HMS Challenger

question

Modern Oceanography

answer

20th Century to Present Day ~Characterized by Technological Advances; Interdisciplinary; International Investigations ~World War I and World War II made the world view Oceans as critical (e.g. Sonar) ~Spurred on by the design of Interdisciplinary experiments and a reliance on complex instruments and Samplers ~Large scale research efforts stimulated by U.S. Navy recruiting Civilian Scientists ~Post war support led to Sea grant and new Instrumentation ~Formation of Oceanographic Research Centers ~Deep-Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) and the International Program of Ocean Drilling (IPOD) ~Deep Sea drilling, Advanced in-water Technologies, and NASA Earth Observation Mission

question

The Big Bang Theory

answer

Largely accepted theory for how the Universe Began ~The universe began from a "singularity" (Infinitely Small and Dense) ~All mass and energy in a single point exploded and is still expanding. ~Occurred approximately 13.8 Billion Years Before Present (YBP)

question

What do Plants Need to Grow?

answer

1. Sunlight (on water surface) 2. Water 3. CO₂ 4. Nutrients

question

Hemisphere

answer

Half of a Sphere

question

El Niño

answer

A southerly flowing warm surface that generally develops of the coast of Ecuador around Christmastime. ~Occasionally moves further South into Peruvian Coastal waters ~Causes widespread death of plankton, fish, and other organisms.

question

La Niña

answer

An event where the surface temperature in the waters of the eastern South Pacific falls below average values. ~Often follows an El Niño event.

question

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

answer

The correlation of El Niño events with an Oscillatory (movement between two extremes) pattern of pressure change in a persistent high-pressure cell in the Southern Pacific and a persistent low-pressure cell over the East Indies

question

Ocean Basin

answer

Anywhere on Earth Covered by Sea water

question

Convergence

answer

The act of coming together from different directions. ~There are Polar, Tropical, and Subtropical regions where water masses with different characteristics come together. ~Along these lines of convergence, the Denser masses sink beneath the others

question

Upwelling

answer

The Process by which deep, cold, nutrient-laden water is brought to the surface, usually by diverging equatorial currents or coastal currents that pull surface waters away from the coast

question

Isostasy

answer

Iso = Single/Same Static = Still/Unmoving ~Refers to the balance of an object "floating" upon a fluid medium. e.g. Iceberg ~Condition of equilibrium, comparable to buoyancy, by which the Earth's crust floats on the plastic Mantle called Isostatic Adjustment.

question

Isostatic Adjustment

answer

Vertical Movement of Earth's Crust ~Buoyancy of Lithosphere on Asthenosphere ~Less Dense Continental Crust floats higher than denser Oceanic Crust

question

Isostatic Rebound

answer

Rising of crust formerly weighed down by glacier Ice ~Upward movement of crustal material due to Isostasy

question

Synoptic Picture

answer

An Image taken from Space

question

Biosphere

answer

The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life ~The sum of all the planet's ecosystems including land, water, and air or atmosphere.

question

Boreal Spring

answer

In or coming from the Northern Hemisphere ~Area characterized by Long Winters and Short, cool to mild summers

question

Austral Autumn

answer

In or coming from the Southern Hemisphere

question

Nebular Hypothesis

answer

A Model that describes the formation of the Solar system by contraction of a Nebula ~All Bodies in the Solar System formed from a Nebula ~Gravity Concentrates material at the center of the cloud. ~Protostar - Sun = Center of Gravitational attraction ~Proplanets form from smaller concentrations of matter

question

Nebula

answer

A diffuse Mass of Interstellar Dust and/or Gas ~Mainly Hydrogen and Helium

question

Proto

answer

Beginning State/First

question

Density

answer

*A Fundamental Property of Matter* ~The State or quality of being dense ~Compactness/Closely set or crowded condition ~The Amount of MASS contained in a VOLUME ~Mass/Volume = Density ~Usually expressed as g/cm³ ~The more mass contained in a cubic cm (cm³) the Higher the Density

question

Protoearth

answer

Formed 4.8 Billion YBP ~Homogeneous Composition ~Characterized by Collisions - Transfer Mass and Energy ~Larger than Earth today ~Heat from contraction - Protoplanet shrinks due to gravity - partially melts ~Radioactive Heat due to Spontaneous disintegration of Atoms and Fusion Reactions

question

Density Stratification

answer

A layering based on Density - Layered Earth ~Highest Density material occupies the lowest space ~High Density Iron and Nickel settled in Core ~Less Dense materials formed concentric Spheres around Core ~Early Earth experienced Gravitational Seperation

question

Chemical Differentiation

answer

The sinking of denser elements to the center of a young molten planet. ~Core, Mantle, Crust

question

Physical Differentiation

answer

Pressure and temperature determine whether the interior is solid or liquid ~Inner Core, Outer Core, Mesosphere, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere

question

Concentric

answer

Circles or arcs that share the same center.

question

What is the chemical makeup of the Core?

answer

Iron (Fe) Nickel (Ni) Sulfur (S)

question

What is the Chemical makeup of the Mantle?

answer

Silicate Materials: ~Magnesium (mg) ~Iron (Fe) ~Silicon (Si) ~Oxygen (O)

question

What is the Chemical makeup of the Crust?

answer

Light Silicate Materials: *Granite - Continental Crust - Si, Al, O *Basalt - Oceanic Crust -Si, mg, O ~Silicon (Si) ~Aluminum (Al) ~Oxygen (O) ~Magnesium (mg)

question

Inner Core

answer

A dense, SOLID/RIGID Sphere at Earth's Center

question

Outer Core

answer

the LIQUID layer of the Earth's core that lies beneath the Mesosphere and surrounds the inner Core

question

Mesosphere

answer

The RIGID, lower part of the mantle between the Asthenosphere and the outer core

question

Asthenosphere

answer

The Relatively hot, PLASTIC (Shares properties with both liquid and solid) layer of the earth ~Flows with high Viscosity ~Above the Mesosphere, below the Lithosphere ~Includes Upper Mantle

question

Viscosity

answer

Viscosus = Sticky ~Resistance to flow, changes with Temperature ~Cold = Higher ~Heat = Lower ~High Viscosity = High resistance to flow

question

Lithosphere

answer

Cool, RIGID shell ~Includes Crust and topmost Upper Mantle ~Divided into Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust

question

Oceanic Crust

answer

Denser part of Lithosphere that underlies ocean basins ~Composed of dark colored, igneous rock Basalt ~Relatively high density 3.0 g/cm³

question

Continental Crust

answer

Less dense part of Lithosphere ~Composed of lighter colored, igneous rock Granite ~Approximate Density 2.7 g/cm³

question

Convection

answer

Heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another ~Movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter (less dense) material to rise and colder (denser) material to sink

question

Convection Cell

answer

A circular-moving loop of matter involved in a convective movement ~Cycle in which heated material rises and cooler material sinks

question

Physical States of Matter

answer

Determined by combined effects of Pressure and Temperature ~Solid ~Liquid ~Gas ~Increased Temperature provides additional energy to the atoms and molecules of matter (Allows them to move further apart - Eventually causes material to melt) ~Increase of pressure raises the melting point of a material (Melts at a Higher Temperature)

question

Continental Mountains

answer

Formed by compression ~Evidence that mid-ocean ridge "Mountains" are spreading

question

Moho

answer

Boundary between rocks of the Crust and the denser rocks of the Mantle

question

Physiography

answer

Another name for Physical Geography ~Description of the feature of the phenomena of nature

question

Bathymetry

answer

Measurement of depth of water in Oceans, Seas, or Lakes

question

Continental Margins

answer

Massive wedges of sediment eroded from the land and deposited along the continental edge ~The submerged area next to a continent comprising of Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, and Continental Rise

question

Continental Shelf

answer

A gently sloping depositional surface extending from the low water line to the depth of a marked increase in slope around the margin of a continent or island

question

Continental Slope

answer

A relatively steeply sloping surface lying seaward of the continental shelf

question

Continental Rise

answer

A gently sloping depositional surface at the base of a continental slope

question

Deep-Ocean Basins

answer

Areas of the ocean floor that have deep water, are far from land, and are underlain by Basaltic crust ~Between the ocean provinces, continental margins, and the mid-ocean ridge

question

Mid-Ocean Ridge

answer

A linear, volcanic mountain range that extends through all major oceans, rising 1 to 3 km (0.6 to 2 mi) above the deep-ocean basins ~Largest mountain range, extending about 60,000 km around the Earth ~Rift Valleys are common along the central axis ~Source of new Oceanic Crust Material

question

Rift Valleys

answer

A deep fracture or break extending along the crest of a mid-ocean ridge

question

Outgassing

answer

The process by which gases are removed from within Earth's interior ~Occurred during density stratification ~Outgassed water vapor fall as rain

question

Salinity

answer

Ocean Salts ~Developed from dissolved rock elements ~Early acidic rain disolved more crustal minerals than today ~A measure of the quantity of dissolved solids in ocean water. ~Normally computed from conductivity, refractive index, or chlorinity

question

Continental Drift

answer

Term applied to theories supporting the idea that the continents move across Earth's surface through time ~movement of continents from single super-continent, Pangaea, to current configuration

question

Seafloor Spreading

answer

A process producing the Lithosphere where convective upwelling of magma along the oceanic ridges moves the ocean floor away from the ridge axes at rates between: ~1 to 10 cm/year (Professor notes) ~2 to 12 cm/year (Textbook)

question

Subduction Zones

answer

A Long narrow region Beneath Earth's surface in which Lithospheric Plate descends beneath another as they converge ~Locations where old Sea floor is being destroyed ~Concentrated in Mid-Ocean ridges and continental coasts along transform faults, trenches, and Island arcs

question

Plate Techtonics

answer

Global Dynamics having to do with the movement of a small number of semirigid sections of Earth's crust (Lithospheric Plates), with seismic activity and volcanism occurring at the margins (Trenches, Oceanic ridges, and faults) of these sections. ~Resulted in changes in the geographic positions of continents and the shape and size of ocean basins ~Plate edges extend through Lithosphere and are defined by Seismicity ~Lithospheric plates are moved by convection cells in the Asthenosphere

question

Seismicity

answer

Frequency, Magnitude, and distribution of Earthquakes or Earth vibrations (Including artificially induced)

question

Gondwanaland

answer

A hypothetical protocontinent of the Southern Hemisphere ~Named for Gondwana region of India ~Included present-day continental masses of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, and South America

question

Alfred Wegener

answer

Proposed Continental Drift Theory (Early 20th c) ~One of the first scientists to use multiple lines of evidence to suggest that continents are mobile ~Suggested that 200 million years ago all the continents were combined into one large continent (Pangaea) surrounded by a single large Ocean (Panthalassa)

question

Sir Edmund Bullard

answer

In early 1960's used computer program to fit continents together ~Proved Wegener's Theory by showing that Continents fit together remarkably well

question

Earth's Magnetic Field

answer

Earth has a polar north and south from which magnetic lines of force are present ~Does not match Geographic (North and South) Poles ~Has reversed multiple times since protoearth ~Proved by Magnetic particles in magma aligning with field and solidifies in field's position at that time

question

Magnetic Anomoly

answer

A distortion of the regular pattern of Earth's Magnetic Field ~Results from various magnetic properties of local concentrations of ferromagnetic (Highly Susceptible to Magnetism) minerals in Earth's Crust ~Alternate strong (positive) and weak (negative) in response to sea floor influence ~Form parallel bands arranged Symmetrically about the axis (center) of Oceanic Ridge - Seafloor spreading

question

Cores

answer

A cylinder of sediment and/or rock material obtained by drilling (Think of Coring an Apple) ~Visible distinction (lines) between sediment layers

question

What are the 3 Boundary Plate types?

answer

1. Divergence 2. Convergence 3. Transform

question

Divergence Boundary

answer

A Lithospheric plate boundary where adjacent plates diverge (move away from each other) ~Produces an Oceanic Ridge or Rise ~Divergence/Movement in opposite directions is also called Rifting ~Spreading Center, where new ocean floor is created

question

Convergence Boundary

answer

Lithospheric Plate Boundary where Adjacent plates Converge (move towards each other) ~Produces Ocean trench-Island Arc systems, Ocean trench-Continental Volcanic Arcs, or Folded Mountain Ranges ~The converging plates either overlap or collide

question

Transform Boundary

answer

The Boundary between two Lithospheric plates formed by a transform fault (Fault that moves side-to-side/sliding against each other)

question

What are the 3 Types of Spreading Centers

answer

1. Oceanic Rise 2. Oceanic Ridge 3. Ultra slow

question

Oceanic Rise

answer

A portion of the global mid-ocean ridge system ~Characterized by fast spreading and gently slopes ~East Pacific

question

Oceanic Ridge

answer

Portion of global mid-ocean ridge system ~Characterized by Slow Spreading and Steep Slopes ~Mid Atlantic

question

Ultra Slow

answer

Portion of global mid-ocean ridge system ~Characterized by Deep rift valley and Widely scattered Volcanoes ~Arctic and South West India

question

Andesite

answer

A gray, fine-grained volcanic rock composed chiefly of plagioclase feldspar

question

The Wilson Cycle

answer

Model that uses plate tectonic process to show the distinctive life cycle of Ocean basins during their formation, growth, and destruction

question

Thermonuclear Fusion

answer

A high temperature process in which Hydrogen atoms are converted to Helium atoms ~Releases large amounts of energy

question

Heterotrophs

answer

Animals and bacteria that depend on the organic compounds produced by other organisms as food ~Not capable of producing own food by photosynthesis ~An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

question

Autotrophs

answer

Algae, plants, and bacteria that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic nutrients ~Organisms that are able to make their own food

question

Anaerobic Bacteria

answer

Bacteria that does not need oxygen to grow or survive

question

Photosynthesis

answer

The process by which plants and algae produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll using light energy and releasing oxygen

question

The Great Oxidation Event

answer

Based on chemical makeup of certain rocks, Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich and fundamentally changed Earth's ability to support life

question

Half-Life

answer

Length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

question

Radiometric age dating

answer

A technique that involves the use of radioactive half-lives to determine the age of a rock.

question

Geologic time scale

answer

Earth's history organized into four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

question

Precambrian/Proterozoic

answer

630 million YBP to 542 million YBP ~First Organisms

question

Paleozoic

answer

542 million YBP to 252 million YBP ~First Fish, land plants, insects, and reptiles ~Ended with extinction of 90% of marine life

question

Mesozoic

answer

252 million YBP to 65.5 million YBP ~Dinosaurs dominant ~First birds and flowering plants ~Ended with Extinction of Dinosaurs and many other species

question

Cenozoic

answer

65.5 million YBP to Present Time ~Humans develop in approximately 0.01 million YBP

question

Magnetic Dip

answer

The dip of magnetite particles in rock units of Earth's crust relative to sea level ~Approximately equivalent to Latitude ~Also called magnetic Inclination

question

Harry Hess

answer

Princton geologist who proposed Sea Floor Spreading in 1962 as the mechanism for Pangea's break-up

question

Heat Flow

answer

Flux ~The quantity of heat flow to earth's surface per unit of time

question

Continental Arc

answer

An arc shaped row of active Volcanoes produced by Subduction that occurs along convergent active continental margins

question

Island Arc

answer

A linear arrangement of Islands, many of which are volcanic ~Usually curved so the concave side faces a sea separating the Islands from a continent ~The Convex side faces the open ocean and is bounded by a deep-ocean trench

question

Hotspot

answer

The relatively stationary surface expression of a persistent column of molten mantle material rising to the surface

question

Intraplate features

answer

Any feature that occurs within a tectonic plate and not along a plate boundary

question

Mantle Plumes

answer

A rising column of molten magma from Earth's mantle

question

Nematath

answer

A linear chain of Islands and/or Seamounts that are progressively older in one direction ~Created by passage of a Lithospheric plate over a hotspot

question

Seamounts

answer

An individual volcanic peak extending over 1000 meters above the surrounding ocean floor

question

Guyots

answer

Tablemount ~A conical volcanic feature on the ocean floor resembling a seamount except that it has had its top truncated to a relatively flat surface

question

Van der Waals forces

answer

a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules

question

Condensation

answer

the conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid.

question

Heat Capacity

answer

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of substance by one degree Celsius of Kelvin

question

Thermostatic Effects

answer

Properties that act to moderate temperature changes

question

Marine Effect

answer

Oceans moderate temperature changes from day to night and during different seasons

question

Continental Effect

answer

Land areas have greater range of temperature from day to night and during different seasons

question

Principle of Constant Proportions

answer

The amount of dissolved substances in water is the same proportionally in combined weight

question

Salinometer

answer

a hydrometer that determines the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their density

question

Brackish

answer

Mixed fresh and salt water.

question

Hypersaline

answer

water with salt levels surpassing that of normal ocean water ( more than 3.5% salts).

question

Runoff

answer

water from rainfall that is not absorbed into the soil and instead flows into streams or lakes

question

Hydrologic Cycle

answer

The continuous circulation of water among the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth.

question

Residence Time

answer

The average time a given molecule of water will stay in a given water source

question

Alkaline

answer

A solution having a pH greater than 7.0

question

Base

answer

compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution

question

PH Scale

answer

A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

question

Nuetral

answer

pH of 7

question

Buffering

answer

Resistance to change in acidity or alkalinity.

question

Halocline

answer

a layer of water in which the salinity changes rapidly with changes in depth

question

Thermocline

answer

A narrow stratum of rapid temperature change in the ocean and in many temperate-zone lakes

question

Pycnocline

answer

a layer in an ocean or other body of water in which water density increases rapidly with depth.

question

Mixed Surface Layer

answer

The surface layer of the ocean water mixed by wave and tide motions to produce relatively isothermal and isohaline conditions

question

Upper Water

answer

Upper, low-density area that contains the thermocline and pycnocline

question

Deep Water

answer

Lower, high-density water below thermocline to ocean floor

question

Desalination

answer

A process of removing salt from ocean water

question

Distillation

answer

A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points

question

Solar Distillation

answer

Process by which ocean water can be desalinated by evaporation and condensation of the vapor on the cover of a container ~Condensate runs into separate container and is collected as fresh water ~Also called solar humidification

question

Electrolysis

answer

The process separating the hydrogen-oxygen bond in water using an electrical current.

question

Reverse Osmosis

answer

A technique for purifying water by forcing it through a semipermeable membrane.

question

Isopycnal

answer

A water column that has the same density over depth with neutral stability

question

Freeze Seperation

answer

Process of freezing and thawing seawater and washing the salts from the ice

Oceanography Exam 1 Chapters 1, 2, 5 & appendix 3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards