Oceanography Chapter 2 – Flashcards

Which of the following statements about tectonic plates is true? Few tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere. Most tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere. All tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere. No tectonic plates contain both oceanic and continental lithosphere.

What is the relationship between continent edges and plate boundaries?

What was Panthalassa?

What was the Tethys Sea?

What was Pangaea?

What were the names of the two smaller super continents that formed when Pangaea broke apart?

Which supercontinent contained Africa and South America?

What caused the formation of the Himalayas?

Which type of plate boundary is most closely associated with the formation of new ocean floor?

Which of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field is most accurate?

How often does the Earth's magnetic field switch polarity?

How are normal polarity and reverse polarity of Earth's magnetic field different?

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time?

Where would you expect to see alternating bands of rock with different magnetic polarities?

What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere?

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries.

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries?

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries?

Where is the youngest ocean floor found?

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries?

What is a volcanic arc?

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs?

When will magma rise to Earth's surface?

In general, when will melted rock in the mantle rise?

How are felsic magmas formed?

In general, why does Earth's crust sit on top of the mantle?

How do mafic volcanic rocks get to Earth's surface?

What is a fault?

What are rocks below and above a fault called?

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation?

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation?

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?

Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it?

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere?

What is the relationship between the mantle and the lithosphere?

What is the relationship between the mantle and the asthenosphere?

What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots?

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct?

What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary?

What is a seamount?

What is a tablemount?

Where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts

Which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate?

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?

What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?

Which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts?

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the:

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by:

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassa E. Tethys Sea

Sea floor spreading along the axis of an oceanic ridge results in symmetrical patterns of all of the following EXCEPT ______________.

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field?

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the south magnetic pole. The magnetic field is oriented vertical relative to Earth's surface at the north magnetic pole. Earth's magnetic field has varying dips around the world that range from vertical to horizontal, depending on latitude. The locations of Earth's magnetic poles have moved through time and have even reversed in polarity. The magnetic field is oriented horizontal (parallel) to Earth's surface at the magnetic equator.

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? Ocean crust is destroyed at transform faults. Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is created at transform faults. Ocean crust is destroyed at the mid-ocean ridge. Ocean crust is created at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge.

Earthquakes can occur only in the __________.

The magnetic north pole has remained very close to the geographic North Pole throughout all of geologic time.

New crust is formed at trenches and older crust is subducted at oceanic ridges.

The magnetic field of the Earth reverses itself each time that magma erupts at a mid-ocean ridge.

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist:

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as:

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer.

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? A volcanic arc is associated with a convergent plate boundary. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. In a nematath, the age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move closer to the volcanic source. A nematath is created by a hotspot.

Nematath

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. seafloor magnetic stripes

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. trench

Deep-sea trenches are found at convergent plate boundaries.

Water depth decreases as you move away from the mid-ocean ridge.

Convergent plate boundaries occur when tectonic plates move away from each other.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a:

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries?

Andesitic volcanoes

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. hydrothermal vents B. island arcs C. tall, folded mountain belts D. oceanic trenches E. large volcanoes caused by subduction

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. transform fault B. San Andreas Fault C. oceanic transform fault D. Mendocino Fracture Zone E. Mariana Trench

Which hypothesis best explains the continuous bend in the Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain?

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary?

Areas of intense volcanic activity that remain in more or less the same location over long periods of geologic time and are unrelated to plate boundaries are called hotspots.

The majority of the world's hotspots are associated with plate boundaries.

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose a hypothesis on the origin of coral reefs.

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is:

volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called:

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was:

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

The following set of observations describes an actual body of water. Evaluate these statements and determine the evolutionary stage of an ocean basin based upon the following characteristics: Lacks a mid-ocean ridge Deep ocean basin is present Early signs of mountain formation Volcanic island arc and trench absent

Loihi is __________.

A researcher interested in the vertical zonation of oceanic lithosphere would want to study __________.

Ophiolites

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. supercontinent 250 million years ago

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. study of magnetism over geologic time

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. island arc

The Wilson Cycle uses plate tectonic processes to show the life cycles of ocean basins during their growth, formation, and destruction over geologic time.