Nutrition Test 1 Test Questions – Flashcards

Flashcard maker : Maisie Clarke
Case study
individual cases, yield observations that may lead to possible avenues of research

Epidemiological studies
studies of whole populations, can reveal correlations

Intervention studies
actively intervene to alter people’s eating habits

experimental group (of intervention study)
receive treatment

control group (of intervention study)
goes untreated or receives placebo

placebo
fake pill or sham treatment

placebo effect
benefits due to patients belief in treatment

blind experiment
subjects do not know who receives the treatment and who receives the placebo

double blind experiment
neither the subjects nor the researchers know to which group the members belong until the end of the experiment (don’t know who received the real or fake treatment)

laboratory studies
pinpoint mechanisms by which nutrition acts, pinpoints causes and effects

blind experiment
an experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group. In a DOUBLE-BLIND EXPERIMENT, neither the subjects nor the researchers know to which group the members belong until the end of the experiment.

case studies
studies of individuals. In clinical settings, researchers can observe treatments and their apparent effects. to prove that a treatment has prove a treatment has produced an effect requires simultaneous observation of an untreated similar subject (a case control).

control group
a group of individuals who are similar in all possible respects to the group being treated in an experiment but who receive a sham treatment instead of the real one. Also called control subjects. (intervention studies)

Controlled clinical trial
a research study design that often reveals effects of a treatment on human beings. Health outcomes are observed in a group of people who receive the treatment and are then compared with outcomes in a control group of similar people who received a placebo (an inert or sham treatment). Ideally neither subjects nor researchers know who receives the treatment and who gets the placebo (a double-blind study).

correlation
the simultaneous change of two factors, such as the increase of weight with increasing height (a direct or positive correlation) or the decrease of cancer incidence with increasing fiber intake (an inverse or negative correlation). A correlation between two factors suggests that one may cause the other but does not rule out the possibility that both may be caused by chance or by a third factor.

epidemiological studies
studies of populations; often used in nutrition to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence; a first step in seeking nutrition-related causes of disease.

experimental group
the people or animals participating in an experiment who receive the treatment under investigation. Also called experimental subjects. (intervention studies)

intervention studies
studies of populations in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members – for example a study in which half of the subjects (experimental subjects) follow diet advice to reduce fat intakes while the other half (the control subjects) do not, and both groups’ heart health is monitored.

laboratory studies
studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions and are designed to pinpoint causes and effects. animals are used.

placebo
a sham treatment often used in scientific studies; an inert harmless medication.

the placebo effect
is the healing effect that the act of treatment, rather than the treatment itself, often has

Food groups
1. fruits
2. vegetables
3. grains
4. protein foods
5. milk and milk products
6. oils

Fruit
contribute folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, and fiber

Fruit portion size
1 c fruit =
1 c fresh, frozen, or canned fruit

Vegetables
contribute folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin E, magnesium, potassium, and fiber

Vegetable portion size
1 c vegetables =
1 c cut-up raw or cooked vegetable
1 c cooked legumes
1 c vegetable juice
2 c raw, leafy greens

Grains
contribute folate, niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, iron, magnesium, selenium, and fiber

Grains portion size
1 oz grains =
1 slice bread
1/2 c cooked rice, pasta, or cereal
1 oz dry pasta or rice
1 c ready-to-eat cereal
3 c popped popcorn

Protein foods
contribute protein, essential fatty acids, niacin, thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc

Protein foods portion size
1 oz protein foods =
1 oz cooked lean meat, poultry, or seafood
1 egg
1/4 c cooked legumes or tofu
1 tbs peanut butter
1/2 oz nuts or seeds

Milk and milk products
contribute protein, riboflavin, vitamin B12, calcium, potassium, and when fortified: vitamin A and vitamin D

Milk and milk products portion size
1 c milk or milk product =
1 c milk, yogurt, or fortified soy milk
1 1/2 oz natural cheese
2 oz processed cheese

Oils
are not a food group, but are featured because they contribute vitamin E and essential fatty acids

Oils portion size
1 tsp oil =
1 tsp vegetable oil
1 tsp soft margarine
1 tbs low-fat mayonnaise
2 tbs light salad dressing

Daily Values
nutrient standards that are printed on food labels and on grocery store and restaurant signs. Based on nutrient and energy recommendations for a general 2,000 calorie diet, they allow consumers to compare foods with regard to nutrients and calorie contents.

RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowances
nutrient intake goals for individuals; the average daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of nearly all healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group. Derived from the EARs.

AI
nutrient intake goals for individuals; the recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on intakes of healthy people (observed or experimentally derived) in a particular life stage and gender group assumed to be adequate. Set whenever scientific data are insufficient to allow establishment of an RDA value.

UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
the highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of toxicity to almost all healthy individuals of a particular life stage and gender group. Usual intake above this level may place an individual at risk of illness from nutrient toxicity.

EAR
Estimated Average Requirement
the average daily nutrient intake estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group; used in nutrition research and policy making and is the basis upon which RDA values are set.

AMDR
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
values for carbohydrate, fat, and protein expressed as percentages of total daily caloric intake; ranges of intake set for the energy-yielding nutrients that are sufficient to provide adequate total energy and nutrients while minimizing the risk of chronic diseases.

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