Nutrition Exam: Management of Body Composition – Flashcards
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Management Factors of body fat levels
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1. Physical - certain amount of fat required for health 2. Intellectual - skill to understand society's role in molding our attitude toward body shapes 3. Emotional - developing self esteem regardless of body composition 4. Social - developing circle of friends who accept people at extremes of weight 5. Spiritual health - higher being providing support for behavior change
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Body Image
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our own bodies: Ideas, feelings, and experiences about physical appearance or attractiveness
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Distorted Body Image
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when individuals perception is inconsistent with reality
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Body perception
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bodies in general: -biology and genetics interact to set a standard - cultural influences/ differences
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Body preferences
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gender concerns: -men more often satisfied with their bodies -women tend to feel fatter than they think is ideal
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Body Acceptance
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a key to wellness: -body image can become self image - healthy body image evaluates body image, realistically recognizing some characteristics are more positive then other
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obesity has _____ effects on health and longevity
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adverse
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Obesity
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defined as excessive fatness
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underweight (BMI)
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18.5
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desirable (BMI)
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18.5-24.9
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overweight (BMI)
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25-29.9
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class I obesity (BMI)
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30-34.9
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Class II Obesity (BMI)
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35 -39.9
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Class III Obesity (BMI)
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greater then 40
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Location of body fat affects what?
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health risks ex: visceral fat is related to greater risk of metabolic syndrome
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High body fat is associate with higher levels of what?
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-blood pressure -certain blood lipids -insulin resistance
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Obesity increases risk of...
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-Some cancers -metabolic/endocrine disease -menstrual and reproductive - gallbladder disease -osteoarthritis
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Obesity decreases risk of...
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-some cancers -osteoporosis
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chronic dieting risks
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risks not strong enough to discourage people form loosing weight
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Metabolic syndrome
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- high fasting blood sugar -high waist circumference - low HDL levels -high triglycerides -hypertension
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cultural stigmas against fatness
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- Social, economic, and other types of discrimination - Impaired self-image, feelings of inferiority ... depression
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Restrained eating
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to control wight by using willpower to restrict eating to a level below natural appetites (among obese and slender)
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Physical health of Underweight
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associated with illness and increased risk of mortality if caused by undernutrition or disease
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Causes of Underweight
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1. genetics 2. malabsorption 3. metabolic disorders due to wasting disorders 4. extreme psychologic or emotional stress 5. excessive athletics 6. anorexia nervosa
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Strategies for healthy weight gain
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- Increase kcal intake - Individualize meal plans -Exercise to build lean body mass
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Functions of fat
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1. Protection from extremes of environmental temperature 2. Cushioning of internal organs 3. Energy storage 4. Membrane integrity 5. Low body fat levels may result in amenorrhea with bone loss; increased fracture risk
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Essential body fat (%)
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men = 3-8 % women = 12-14%
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Total fat; includes storage fat (%)
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men = 15-20 % women = 25-30 %
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Body fat distribution is determined..
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genetically
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Upper body fat
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apple shape (android) - greater health risks
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Lower body fat
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pear shape (gynoid)
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adipocytes
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cells in which fat is stored -new adipocytes can be formed at any stage of life - adipocyte apoptosis occurs across the lifespan
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hypertrophy
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cell increase in size (body fat storage)
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hyperplasia
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cells increase in number (body fat storage)
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How to measure body fatness
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1. lean body mass 2. underwater weighing (densitometry) 3. bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) measurement of skin-fold thicknesses 4. measurement of body cirucmferences
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is weight always a good measure of fatness?
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NO
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Lean body mass includes..
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non-fat mass, muscle, bone and other non-fate tissue
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Regulation of body fat is...
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complex
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Changes in body fatness
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- 1 pound of body fat roughly equivalent to 3500 kcal - energy balance determined by relationship of energy intake to energy expenditure
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Genetic influence on body size and shape
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- Genetic effects on body weight - Genetics versus environment - Genetics and hormones: leptin and ghrelin - Consider fatness as a multifactorial phenotype (Regardless of genetic makeup, fatness also influenced by nutritional, psychologic, economic, and social factors)
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set point
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natural level that body regulates or defends for body fatness
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Set point is maintained by what?
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1. Food intake adjustments (increase or decrease intake) 2. Adjustments in energy use (increase or decrease REE) 3. Determinants of set point ranges: -Genetic makeup -Cultural heritage -Environmental exposures -Behavior
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Changing the set point
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easier to reset higher with weight gain than lower with weight loss
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Obesity and emaciation represent what?
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continuum of disordered eating
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Incidence of Obesity
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- 33% of Americans obese - Generally, obesity incidence inversely related to socioeconomic status - More common in women and in ethnic minorities -Increased prevalence among children -Weight changes appear related to physical activity
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Success of attempts to lose weight?
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1. Americans attempt dieting using variety of methods 2. Data indicate that weight loss not sustained; maintenance difficult 3. Bariatric surgery 4. Repeat dieting unsuccessful; causing sense of personal failure and resulting in health risks
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New approaches to regulation of body fat
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-acceptance of diversity in body size and shape -promotion of wellness, personal satisfaction, and well-being
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Developing a personal approach to Body Fat Regulation
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gain, lose, or maintain: wellness approach
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"gain, lose, or maintain: wellness approach"
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- A nondiet approach: long-term changes (Eat well and stay physically active) - Establishing realistic goals - Changing behavior; Establish new habits through behavior modification - Normalizing eating - Enjoying eating -Letting hunger and satiety guide eating -Minimizing the use of food to meet emotional needs -Eat regularly and frequently(Plan ahead)
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Adopting an active lifestyle
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-Increase energy expenditure -Maintain lean body mass -Improve many health conditions -Differences in exercise responses -Individualize exercise
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Alarming Trends in Society
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-Obesity among children increasing although obsession with weight and dieting -Physical inactivity -Multiple etiologies complicating treatment and prevention -Acceptance through prevention efforts
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Role of Nurses
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-Consider their attitudes toward their own bodies - Consider attitude toward clients who may struggle with weight issues -Remain knowledgeable about lifestyle changes and choices for client success-
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Explanatory Style (toward a nutrition style)
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The way in which a person regularly explains why events happen (optimistic or pessimistic)
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Application of Explanatory style to body fat management
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- Optimistic explanatory style: accepting body as is; attempting to improve health by eating well and exercising - Pessimistic explanatory style: judge one's body negatively; no attempt to change
