question

The fetus receives nourishment through

answer

the placenta

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The time to focus on nutrition and pregnancy is

answer

in the months before trying to conceive.

question

Human gestation is approximately

answer

38 to 42 weeks

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About 1 in 2 pregnancies results in a spontaneous abortion,

answer

often before a woman even realizes she is pregnant.

question

Serious fetal malformations may occur when pregnant women consume very large doses

answer

of vitamin A

question

The fetus accumulates body fat and mineral stores

answer

during the third trimester

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Infants born after normal gestation length and weighing less than 5½ pounds are labeled

answer

small for gestational age (SGA).

question

On average, a full-term infant at birth

answer

weighs 7 to 8 pounds and is about 20 inches long.

question

A small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infant

answer

- is born after 37 weeks of pregnancy. - weighs less than 5.5 pounds. - is likely to have problems with growth and development. - is likely to have medical problems.

question

During the second trimester, a pregnant woman needs an additional

answer

350 kcal per day.

question

Adolescents often have smaller babies than mature women. They are advised to gain more weight during pregnancy to meet

answer

the mother's growth needs.

question

The overweight woman (BMI >26 to 29)

answer

should gain about 15 to 25 pounds during pregnancy.

question

Which component of weight gain accounts for the greatest amount of increased weight during pregnancy?

answer

The infant

question

Weight gain in pregnancy should usually be about

answer

25 to 35 pounds

question

An increased requirement for _________ during pregnancy is due to its role in the synthesis of red blood cells.

answer

Folate

question

For the pregnant woman, the RDA for protein increases by ___ grams per day.

answer

15

question

Fetal alcohol syndrome is responsible for

answer

- inadequate prenatal and infant growth. - physical deformities. - mental retardation..

question

During pregnancy, erythrocyte formation increases. A serious anemia may result if _________ intake is inadequate.

answer

Biotin

question

The focus of a successful pregnancy should be on

answer

- following a high-quality diet. - a reasonable weight gain. - regular prenatal care.

question

The best guideline for getting adequate dietary folate is

answer

a diet that includes the 5-a-day servings of fruits and vegetables as well as being rich in synthetic folic acid.

question

During pregnancy, women should be urged to ________ each day

answer

drink 3-4 servings of milk or milk products

question

The practice of eating nonfood substances such as clay or laundry starch during pregnancy is

answer

pica

question

During pregnancy the increased needs for zinc can be met by

answer

consuming extra protein-rich foods

question

Under what conditions is the use of nutrient supplements advisable?

answer

- Adolescent pregnancy - Multiple fetuses - Poverty - Inadequate maternal diet

question

A pregnant woman who is a vegan would need to take nutrient supplements for

answer

calcium and iron

question

Spina bifida and anencephaly are examples of neural tube defects. Women who have had a pregnancy resulting in the birth of an infant with a neural tube defect are being urged to take supplements of ________ before a second conception to decrease the risk of these birth defects.

answer

folic acid

question

The RDA for iron during pregnancy increases to 27 mg per day. To reach this level the pregnant woman will

answer

need to take an iron supplement

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Severe iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy may lead to

answer

- a pre-term delivery. - poor fetal stores. - restricted infant growth.

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Maximum calcium transport across the placenta occurs when skeletal growth is most rapid. This is during the

answer

3rd trimester.

question

The most critical time for prenatal care is

answer

the first trimester

question

Which group of pregnant mothers is most likely to produce unhealthy offspring

answer

Adolescents

question

A maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus is

answer

- a low-carbohydrate diet. - fasting. - smoking.

question

Moderate to heavy caffeine intake during pregnancy

answer

- decreases iron absorption. - increases the risk of spontaneous abortion late in the first trimester or during the second trimester. - increases risks of low birth weight.

question

The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes can be fatal to the developing fetus. What foods are possible sources of this bacterium and should be avoided by pregnant women

answer

Brie and blue cheeses

question

WIC serves

answer

- children up to the age of five. - newborn and infants. - pregnant mothers.

question

WIC aims to provide

answer

- high quality prenatal care. - nutritional care. - vouchers for nutritious food.

question

To avoid constipation, the pregnant woman should increase her intake of

answer

whole-grain bread, bran, and fruits

question

Edema during late pregnancy is a problem

answer

- hypertension is detected. - excess protein is found in the urine. - extreme fluid retention occurs.

question

The RDA for nutrients changes during pregnancy

answer

for many nutrients, but not proportionately

question

The gestational diabetes that disappears at delivery

answer

is linked to development of type 2 diabetes later in life

question

The best approach to teenage pregnancy is

answer

prevention

question

The physiological anemia of pregnancy is a result of

answer

an increase in the mother's blood volume

question

The ability to produce milk is affected by the hormone

answer

prolactin

question

The main carbohydrate in human milk is

answer

lactose

question

The milk ejection reflex in breast feeding is controlled by

answer

oxytocin

question

The RDA for nutrients changes during lactation

answer

for many nutrients, but not proportionately

question

A nursing infant is getting enough milk if the infant

answer

- has six or more wet diapers per day. - shows normal weight gain. - has stools that look like mustard.

question

The breast-fed infant often grows more slowly than the formula-fed infant

answer

after 3 months

question

Cow's milk should not be used in infant feeding until the infant

answer

is 1-year-old

question

Cow's milk differs from human milk because

answer

- cow's milk is higher in minerals. - cow's milk is higher in casein. - cow's milk is too low in carbohydrate for infant needs.

question

The first fluid abundant in immune factors produced by the mother after birth is called

answer

colostrum

question

A factor in human milk that keeps the infant from supporting the growth of some harmful intestinal bacteria is

answer

Lactobacillus bifidus factor

question

Milk changes consistency during nursing, and after 20 minutes of nursing the milk is

answer

like cream

question

Linoleic acid and cholesterol are high in human milk because they are needed for

answer

brain development

question

Additional energy requirements for lactation are approximately _______ kcal per day

answer

400 - 500

question

The diet for pregnancy is essentially the same as the diet for lactation. However, the lactating mother

answer

needs an additional serving of milk and more fluids

question

The production of human milk requires

answer

an additional 800 kcal per day

question

The advantage of breast feeding is

answer

- expense. It costs less than formula. - convenience. There is nothing to prepare. - sanitation. It is sterile.

question

Inferior learning ability in childhood has been linked to

answer

alcohol intake by the pregnant mother

question

"Eating for two" is a good guide to follow during pregnancy

answer

False

question

Almost all physicians, dietitians, and nutrition scientists know that pregnant women will instinctively choose a diet providing all the necessary nutrients in approximately the recommended amounts

answer

False

question

Smoking during pregnancy has been linked to preterm birth and low birth weight

answer

True

question

It is a good idea to avoid or limit caffeine during pregnancy

answer

True

question

Aspartame should be totally avoided during pregnancy

answer

False

question

Breast milk is more nutritious than infant formulas

answer

True

question

Breast size is an indicator of successful breast feeding

answer

False

question

Milk production in breast feeding is determined by infant demand

answer

True

question

Pica is

answer

consumption of nonfood items

question

Placenta is

answer

an organ that develops inside the uterus that allows for the exchange of materials between maternal and fetal blood

question

Progestins

answer

hormones that maintain pregnancy and lactation

question

Prolactin

answer

a maternal hormone that stimulates synthesis of milk.

question

Oxytocin

answer

a hormone that stimulates the milk ejection reflex

question

Casein

answer

the major protein in cow's milk, indigestible for newborns

question

Lactalbumin

answer

a human milk protein

question

Antibodies

answer

immunoglobulin proteins in milk.

question

Hind milk

answer

human milk after a period of nursing

question

Colostrum

answer

the mother's first fluid, rich in immune factors and protein

question

Meconium

answer

the first thick stool passed after birth.

question

Lactobacillus bifidus factor

answer

encourages growth of beneficial bacteria in newborn's intestines.

Nutrition Chap 16 – Flashcards

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