Nursing Research: Quantitative – Flashcards
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What is the first phase in quantitative research?
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Conceptualize the problem
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What is the second phase in quantitative research?
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Design the study
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What is the third phase in quantitative research?
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Implement the design
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What is the fourth phase in quantitative research?
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Analyze/interpret the data
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What is the fifth phase in quantitative research?
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Use the results
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What phase do you formulate the problem?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you review the literature?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you develop a framework?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you formulate the variable?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you select a research design?
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Phase 2: Design the study
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What phase do you identify populate/sample?
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Phase 2: Design the study
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What phase do you select instruments for data collection?
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Phase 2: Design the study
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What phase do you address ethical considerations?
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Phase 3: Implement the design
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What phase do you recruit participants?
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Phase 3: Implement the design
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What phase do you collect data?
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Phase 3: Implement the design
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What phase do you describe the sample?
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Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
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What phase do you present the findings?
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Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
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What phase do you interpret the findings?
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Phase 4: Analyze/interpret the data
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What phase do you disseminate findings?
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Phase 5: Use the results
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What phase do you use findings in nursing practice?
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Phase 5: Use the results
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What phase do you state the problem statement?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you state the purpose?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you state definitions?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you state the dependent and independent variables?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you state the research question?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What phase do you state the hypothesis?
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Phase 1: Conceptualize the problem
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What are the three types of research questions?
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Descriptive Associational Difference
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What type of research question is this: What percent of patients on a cardiac floor have had an MI?
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Descriptive
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What type of research question is this: What is the average math achievement of the nation's fourth graders?
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Descriptive
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What type of research question is this: What is the career satisfaction of DV computer industry professional employees?
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Descriptive
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What type of research question is this: Is there a relationship between work satisfaction and workload in new nurses?
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Associational
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What type of research question is this: How does math achievement of the nation's fourth grade Hispanic youth compare with that of the nation's fourth grade African-American youth?
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Associational
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What type of research question is this: Is there a difference in stress levels at the beginning and the end of an informational session on breast-feeding?
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Difference
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What type of research question is this: Do women that receive an educational session report less anxiety about breast feeding than women that do not receive education?
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Difference
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A hypothesis is always what type of research question?
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Difference
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What are the two types of hypothesis?
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Null Directional or Alternative
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What is a Type 1 error?
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False Positive
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What is a Type 2 error?
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False Negative
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What are the types of non-experimental studies?
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Descriptive Correlational Cohort Case Control
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What is a type of experimental study?
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Quasi-Experimental
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What are the two types of samples?
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Probability Non-Probability
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Which type of sample has limited generalizability?
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Non-Probability
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What are the types of probability sampling?
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Simple Random Sampling (SRS) Stratified Random Sampling Cluster Sampling or Multistage Systematic Sampling
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What type of probability sampling obtains a list of the population and uses a random number table or computer generated table to choose the sample?
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Simple Random Sampling
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Which probability sampling is obtains a list of the population and uses a random number table or computer generated table to choose the sample within groups?
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Stratified Random Sampling
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Which probability sampling randomly selects units and then randomly selects patients?
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Cluster Sampling or Multistage
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Which probability sampling selects every K participant from a random list?
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Systematic Sampling
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What are the types of non-probability sampling?
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Convenience Quota Purposive Systematic
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What type of sampling is choosing the first 50 people admitted to a hospital emergency center with a laceration?
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Convenience
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What type of sampling is choosing the first 25 male or 25 female participants?
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Quota
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What type of sampling is choosing experts on the topic they want to research?
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Purposive
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What type of sampling is selecting from an alphabetized list?
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Non-Probability Systematic
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What can instruments measure objectively?
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BP, ABGs, HgA1C, & other laboratory tests
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What can instruments measure subjectively?
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Self-Report, opinions, scales, questionnaires
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What do all instruments have?
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Reliability Validity
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What is reliability?
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If the instrument is dependable
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What are the three major types of reliability?
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Internal Consistency Stability Equivalence
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What is internal consistency?
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Do all the items on a scale measure the same thing?
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What is a desired value to tell if an instrument is reliable?
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Over 0.8 is good
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If an instrument has an internal consistency of 0.7 or less what does it mean?
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It probably can't be trusted
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What is stability?
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Does the instrument get the same results over time?
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What is a desired value of stability?
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Over 0.7
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What is equivalence?
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Do two different forms of an instrument have a similar score? (ex. different versions of a test)
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What is inter-rater reliability?
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Do separate observers get the same score? (ex. two instructors watching a simulation)
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What is a desired equivalence value?
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Over 0.8
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What is validity?
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Does an instrument measure what is says it measures?
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What are three types of validity?
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Content Criterion Construct
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What is content validity?
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Asks is the tool adequately reflects the concept under study Opinion of experts*
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What is criterion validity?
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Use of an external comparison that is known to measure the concept Ex. using body calipers to measure % fat and correlating it with hydrostatic measure that includes submersion Often used when the existing measure is expensive or inconvenient
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What is construct validity?
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Does the instrument measure all components of the concept? Often evaluated with factor analysis
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What is the highest type of validity?
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Construct
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What type of validity uses the opinions of experts?
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Content
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What type of validity is used when an existing measure is expensive or inconvenient?
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Criterion
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What type of validity uses factor analysis?
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Construct
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What is Dr. Mary Woo known for?
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The brain's role in heart failure She focuses on developing interventions that minimize or reverse the brain damage in heart failure, to improve health outcomes for heart failure patients. (ex. interventions to increase cerebral blood flow). Her investigations suggest that heart failure patients have signifiant brain damage in areas that dramatically impact cognition, emotion, and breathing, particularly in sleep.
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What is Dr. Elaine Larson known for?
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Hand washing from a microbial and a behavioral perspective to reduce the incidence of hospital acquired infections.
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What were the clinical implications of Dr. Larson's research?
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Stop using enforcement strategies that create frustration, irritation and a we/they mentality Recognize that a long-term meaningful approach is more effective than a crisis intervention Use a feedback model that provides feedback that is timely, non-punitive, individualized, and customizable.
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What are three things a true experiment has?
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Random Assignment Manipulation Control
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Random assignment has to...
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Be blinding Have allocation concealment
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What is manipulation?
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One group gets the intervention (experimental group) One group does not (control)
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What does control mean in an experiment?
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To recognize and control for confounding variables
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What is the process of randomization?
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Assess for eligibility Obtain consent Randomly assign to group by using a random number table or other process Always tract the flow of patients
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What is allocation concealment?
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The investigator does not know what group the next patient will be in.
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What does allocation concealment look like?
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Using opaque envelopes Central randomization not by study staff or another method to insure concealment
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What are the three types of blinding?
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Single Blind Double Blind Triple Blind
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What is a single blind study?
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Participants don't know their group
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What is a double blind study?
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Neither the participant nor the investigator know their group
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What is a triple blind study?
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Neither the participant, investigator nor evaluator know their group
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What are the types of control groups?
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Placebo Standard Care Wait-List Control Attention Control
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When do we usually see placebo control groups?
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Drug Trials
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What is a standard care control group?
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Need to be able to define this and be sure it is different from the intervention
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What is a wait-list control?
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Everyone will eventually get the intervention
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What is attention control?
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Used to minimize the effect of doing better because someone is paying attention
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How is a quasi-experimental study different than an experimental?
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No random assignment Comparison rather than control (May be a historical group or a group that is similar)
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What are the types of non-experimental designs?
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Descriptive Studies Correlational Studies Cross-Sectional & Longitudinal Studies
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What is a descriptive study?
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Characteristics of a group or a condition during a particular time period Incidence (new cases) Prevalence (old & new cases)
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What is a correlational study?
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The cause (IV) is not manipulated Looking for relationships Can't infer causality
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What is the difference between a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study?
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One point in time vs. follow-up over time
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How does retrospective work?
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Begins with the dependent variable (the effect) and examines if it is related to one or more of the independent variables (the cause) Often used in epidemiology to examine relationships Doesn't establish causality but with a large sample and other data it is a good design
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What is a problem/source of bias with retrospective?
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You find what you are looking for Ex. Case-control study compares people with the outcome (case) to those without the outcome (controls) Early tobacco studies
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What major government agency typically uses retrospective?
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CDC or local health department for food borne illnesses Someone is sick (case) Other people are not sick (controls)
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How does prospective work?
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Start with the independent variable (the cause) and go forward to see if it is related to the outcome (dependent variable/the effect).
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T/F: All longitudinal studies are prospective.
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True All longitudinal studies are prosepective
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What are other examples of prospective studies?
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Cohort Studies National Nurse Health Study
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What is the Nurses Health Study?
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The largest, longest running investigations of women's health.
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What is the Nurses's Health Study 1 about?
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Long-term risk factors for cancer and cardiovascular disease on women
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What is the Nurses's Health Study 2 about?
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Nurses' Health Study 2 began in 1989 to study diet, and lifestyle risk factors in women who were younger than the NHS1 participants
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What is the Nurses's Health Study 3 about?
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Begun in 2010, entirely web-based. More diverse population examining health issues related to lifestyle, fertility/pregnancy, environment, and nursing exposures. Endorsed by ANA, NLN, and other nursing organizations
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What is the eligibility requirements to be part of the Nurse's Health Study?
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Nurses or student nurses 20-46 years old in the US and Canada Nurses' Health Study is recruiting 100,000 nurses and student nurses.
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What is Barbara Medoff-Cooper known for?
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Infant development, feeding behaviors in high-risk infants, and infant temperament Development of strategies and technologies to improve outcomes for infants. Co-invented Neonur, a patented feeding device to assess feeding behaviors during infancy Partnered with a small technology company to develop a home monitoring program Current Funding: Transitional telehealth home care: REACH
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What is Barbara Given known for?
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Long career of funded research related to symptom management in cancer Family caregivers of cancer patient Electronic reminder system for cancer patients on oral agents Living with cancer after treatment
