Nursing 209 Theory & Research – Flashcards
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what are the 3 components of EBP?
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research based info, clinical expertise, patient preferences
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Research Utilization
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changing practice based on the results of a single research study
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What are sources of evidence for EBP?
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tradition, authority, trial and error, personal experiences, intuition, borrowed evidence, and scientific research
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Why do people hesitate to use evidence based practice?
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individual factors- inherited nursing characteristics, organizational factors- the culture of the system, and barriers- factors that limit or prevent change
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What are barriers of EBP?
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lack of time for research, nurse patient ratio being to high, no clear cut evidence that the new methods work
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Model of diffusion of innovation
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model created to assist in understanding how new ideas become accepted practice
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Research
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leads to new knowledge and discovery to soulutions problems or questions
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What are the steps in the research process?
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research question, review of lit, find a theoretical frame work, select a research design, implement the study, analyze data, draw conclusions, spread information
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Descriptive research
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provides accurate descriptions of a phenomena
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Explanatory research
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identifies relationships among phenomena
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Predictive research
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predicts relationships between dimensions of phenomena or differences between groups
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basic research
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to gain knowledge for the sake of learning or curiosity
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Applied research
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used to discover knowledge to solve clinical problems
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Quantitative research
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uses numbers to obtain precise measurements
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Qualitative research
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description of human behavior for example the healing or progression of a patient (immeasurable)
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what are the components of a research article?
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abstract, introduction, review of lit, theoretical framework, methods section, results section, discussion section, list of references
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Grand theory
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is a broad generalization that describes, explains, and predicts occurances that take place around us
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pyramid of evidence
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model showing how evidence can be categorized from strong to weak
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Early adopters
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individuals who are first to embrace the innovation
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Laggards
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individuals who fail to or are slow to adopt an innovation
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replication studies
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repeated studies to obtain similar results
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deductive reasoning
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thinking that moves from general to particular
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inductive reasoning
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thinking that moves from particular to general
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what are the five levels of collaboration?
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Individual nurse level, organizational level, regional level, national level, international level,
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Nuremberg code
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ethical standards for research on human beings
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Declaration of helsinki
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physicians guidelines for conducting biomedical research
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Informed consent
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subjects are told the risks of the experiment and then decide if they will partake in the study
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ANA guidelines for ethical values
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right to freedom from harm, right to privacy and dignity, right to anonymity
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institutional review board
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review research proposals to determine whether research is ethical
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The belmont report
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outlines the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
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full review
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necessary when vulnerable populations are involved or when risk are not minimal
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expedited review
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is used when there is minimal risk to human subjects
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Primary goals of research
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generating new knowledge, improving health care delivery, validate the credibility, enhance overall quality
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Case studies
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a description of a single or novel event it is considered a design or strategy for data collection
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how are new interventions tested?
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are tested with small numbers of subjects in pilot studies before testing with large samples
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Systematic Reviews
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systematic synthesis of research findings about clinical problems
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middle range theory
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a testable theory with a limited number of variables that describe, explain and predict outcomes of interest in nursing practice
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Agency for health care research and quality
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works to improve delivery and coordination of primary care services to meet the need for high quality, safe effective and efficient clinical prevention and chronic disease care
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Purpose statement
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statement indicating the aim of the study
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Research question
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describes the variables and population of the research study
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Associative vs. casual
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associative-when one variable changes the other changes causal- one variable determines the presence or change in another variable
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Simple vs. complex
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simple- describes the relationship between 2 variables complex- describes the relationship between 3 or more variables
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Non directional vs. directional
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non directional- relationship among 2 variables that does not predict the direction of the relationship directional- describing the direction of a relationship among 2 or more variables
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Null vs. research
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Null- states there is no relationship btwn variables Research- relationship among 2 or more variables exists
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Hypothesis/Emperical testing
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collection of objectivley measurable data that are gathered by the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis
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mediators
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are extraneous variables that come between the independent and dependent variables
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moderators
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are extraneous variables that effect the relationships between the variables but doesn't come between them
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what is used to formulat EBP questions
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P- patient pop. and condition of interest I- intervention of interest C- comparison of interest O- out come of interest T- time (which is not always included)
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Experimental designs
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best evidence to claim cause and effect relationships, include pre and post tests to indicate point and time of data collection, looks for differences between treated and untreated subjects
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What are the essential components of experimental designs?
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randomization, control, manipulation
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6 guidelines of true experimental designs?
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1. large number of subjects from diverse geographic areas 2. strict guidelines for including subjects in a study 3. subjects randomly assigned to either the intervention or control groups 4. subjects must be equivalent in key characteristic at the base line 5. the intervention is implemented to all subjects in the experimental group 6. all subjects in both groups are measured on the dependent variable using the same method of measurement at the same point in time
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Two group, pretest-posttest
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subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or control group and are measured before and after the intervention
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Two group, posttest only
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subjects randomly assigned to experimental or control groups and measured after the intervention
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Solomon four group
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four groups of subjects, some receive the intervention, some are the control, some are measured before and others are measured after
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Multiple experimental groups
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uses two or more experimental groups with only one control group
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Factorial designs
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allow researchers to manipulate more than one intervention
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cross over designs
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use two or ore treatments and the subjects receive treatments in a random order
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Non experimental designs
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lacks manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment
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Correlation designs
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means the variables covary meaning a change in one variable associates the change of another variable
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Predictive
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when the researcher hypothesizes which variables are predictors or outcomes
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Model testing
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used to test theoretical model, causal modeling, or path analysis
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Transitional research
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links research findings to point of care
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community based participatory action research
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involving active participation of the community in research
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Theory
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set of proposed concepts used to explain a phenomena
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Metaparadigm
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for broad concepts of nursing: person, health, nursing, and environment
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concepts
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words of phrases that convey unique ideas relevant to a theory
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Hildegard peplau definition of health
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it is a forward movement of personality
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Rodgers definition of health
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the definition of health is unique to the individual
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nightingale definition of health
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everything outside of a person
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Rodgers definition of environment
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environment is integral (Completes) to the person
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proposition
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a statement about the relationship between 2 or more concepts
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deductive research
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involves quantitative designs, uses critical review of previous research to support and refute aspects of the theory
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Inductive research
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involves qualitative designs, used to develop a theory, researchers usually collect data before reading any other literature to avoid biasing the data
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Conceptual definitions
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sound like dictionary definitions
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Operational definitions
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state how the variable will be measured
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Empirical indicators
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measures of the variables being studied
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Theoretical framework
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provides structure to the study by linking the abstract to the empirical indicators
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Necessary characteristic of practice
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S- scientific method T- training O- openminded ness P- patience T- truthfulness A- accurancy A- a mind trained to think E- experience
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Gap of knowledge
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what you are trying to find out from the study
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non experimental quantitative designs
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manipulate the independent variable to determine its effect on the dependent variable
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Quasi experimental designs
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involve manipulation of the independent variables but lacks either randomization or a control group
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how to determine causality
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the variables of interest must be studied in chronological order the independent variable or has to occur before the dependent
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Control
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ability to manipulate, regulate, or statistically adjust for the multitude of factors that can influence the dependent variable
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Manipulation
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is the ability of the researcher to control the independent variable
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Bias
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when extraneous variables influence and distort the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
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Randomization
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is an effective way to control extraneous variables occurs when there is a random sampling of subjects or there is a random assignment of subjects to be studied
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Random sampling
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all people in the population of interests have the same probability of being selected to be included in the study
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Random assignment
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all subjects in the sample have an equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or control group
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between groups design
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study design where two groups of subjects can be compared
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within group design
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comparisons are made about the same subjects at two or more points in time or on two or more measures
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study validity
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ability to accept results as logical, reasonable, and justifiable, based on evidence based practice
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Internal validity
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the degree to which one can conclude that the independent variable produced changes in the dependent variable
