Nursing 101 – Cultural Diversity #1 – Flashcards
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bias
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unfair personal judgement
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biracial
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a person with two differently raced parents
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classism
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discrimination based on social status
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cultural brokering
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bridging or linking two cultures or groups
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cultural dominance
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excluding other cultures, beliefs, traditions, etc, beside your own
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cultural humility
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recognizing limitations of cultural perspectives and working to overcome barriers
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cultural diversity
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beliefs, attitudes, values, religions, etc
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cultural safety
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-actively examining social, economic, etc, differences between nurses and patients. -addresses power imbalances and nursing practices that could lead to discrimination, etc
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cultural competency
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the ability to recognize your own culture and adjust it to understand the patient's
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cultural sensitivity
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appreciating diversity of another individual using neutral language
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discrimination
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a prejudice due to appearance, status, race, stereotypes, etc
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race
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a population characterized by skin color
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values
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beliefs important to who a person is
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xenophobia
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a fear of foreigners
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homophobia
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an irrational hostility, hatred, or fear of homosexuals.
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cultural awareness
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the process of self-conducting examination of one's own biases
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cultural knowledge
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seeks to obtain education on health related beliefs, cultural values, etc, for other cultural groups
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cultural skill
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the ability to conduct a culturally based (physical) assessment on a patient
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cultural encounters
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encourages healthcare workers to engage in face to face cultural interactions to modify their own beliefs about a culture and prevent stereotyping
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cultural desire
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the motivation to engage in the process to become culturally aware
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culture
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-a learned belief style that guides behaviors, shared meanings, and life style. -affects health risks and response to illness -addressed by:cultural identity, cultural experiences, cultural factors, social environment, lifestyle, and relationships to others
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health
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the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (the meaning is influenced by culture)
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minority
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-1/3 of USA population -1/2 of all children born in the USA
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USA life expectancy
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29th place out of all countries
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models of cultural competency
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-Campina-bacote's model -transcultural model -theory of intersectionality -post-colonial feminist theory -cultural safety
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to avoid miscommunication with patients...
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become culturally sensitive to different cultures and beliefs
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biculturalism
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-being apart of two different cultures (original and dominant) -accompanied by pride and uniqueness but also identity confusion and value clashes
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assimilation
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identify most with dominant culture
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integration
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identify highly with both cultures
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separation
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identify with original or ethnic culture
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marginalization
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don't identify with either culture
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human diversity
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the range of human variation: race, gender, marital status, age...
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inclusionary "othering"
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-transformation and coalition -leads to consciousness raising, sense of community,...
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exclusionary "othering"
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-domination and subordination -leads to alienation, discrimination, ...
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Madeline Leininger
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-created basic foundation of cultural competency in nursing -"Sunrise model" - responds to changing demographics in USA, tells to provide care congruent to patient's cultural values, beliefs,... -bad: leads to stereotyping
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cultural competency models
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-Leininger -Purnell -Giger and Davidhizar -Giger
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culturally discordant care
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bad care because of unaddressed cultural differences and unconscious biases
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Giger and Davidhizar's model
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-focuses on communication, time, space, social organization, environmental control, biological variations -individuals are culturally unique and require culturally safe care
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communication
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how people talk to one another -use interpreter if patient is from different culture and doesn't understand you
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space
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distance between people when interacting
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social organization
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the manner in which people organize themselves around the family (who is head of family and makes healthcare decisions, etc)
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time
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importance of time
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environmental control
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ability to control life and death (fatalistic view)
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biological variations
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perception of pain, stature, prevalence of diseases in cultural group
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ethnocentrism
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belief that one culture is superior to another
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Purnell model
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-recognition of bicultural ecology, workforce issues, and impact on culturally diverse patients -pregnancy, death, rituals, family roles, drug metabolism...
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primary characteristics
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-mainly looks -nationality, race, color, gender, age, religion, educational level...
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secondary characteristics
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-mainly cultural -life expectancy, status, socioethnic level, occupation, political views, parental status
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subculture
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-groups that break off of dominant culture because of differing experiences and perspectives (ex: LGBT community)
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stereotyping
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oversimplified opinion or belief about a group (ex: all boys like blue)
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cultural mismatch
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-when people violate each other's cultural expectations -causes pain, hurt, discomfort -offensive
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citizen
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-a person that lives in a country legally and owes allegiance to that country -they have all the rights of a natural-born citizen
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Hill-burton act
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-allowed federal government to give hospitals grants so that the hospitals didn't serve african americans -discrimination and segregation
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Kawachi
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"race and class are different but important constructs"
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racism
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belief system that legitimizes an ethnic group's subordination by claiming that it's biogenetical or culturally inferior
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how to decrease disparities in healthcare:
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-increase proportion of minority nurses (95% are white) -change standars, collaborate, research, include more diversity in workers
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health care disparities
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-racial or ethnic differences in the quality of care that aren't due to clinical needs, preferences, or appropriateness of intervention -differences in incidence, prevalence, mortality, etc, among specific populations (ex: sickle cell)
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things that hinder access to healthcare:
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poverty, discrimination, social and psychological barriers, minorities -can receive lower quality care/healthcare disparities
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power
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behavior that permeates all human interaction (in every action, perception, judgement..)
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health insurance
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minorities have unequal access and high deductibles
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Western biological model
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-disease orientated to find cure -forgets about the "person" or culture
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explanatory model
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the patient's own explanation of an illness
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the 11 "a" barriers
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availability, accessibility, affordability, acceptability, appropriateness, accountability, adaptability, awareness, attitudes, approachability, alternative practices, and additional services available
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culturally blind
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lack awareness of cultural issues and think the biomedical model is the only way (cultural dogmatism)
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ethnopharmacology
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investigates how various ethnic groups are affected by drugs
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immigrant
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person who leaves home country to settle permanently in another country because of job opportunities, refugees, maquiladoras, etc
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refugee
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-a person residing outside of their country of origin and has fear of persecution, war, unrest, political instability. -USA has the largest refugee settlement -mostly women and children - more likely to live in poverty and be unemployed
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internally displaced people
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people forced to flee home but live in original country (ex: hurricane katrina)
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asylum
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unwilling to go back to country because of persecution
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female circumcision
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-genital mutilation -clitoroidectomy -infibulation
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human trafficking
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-USA is 2nd largest market for women and children trafficked to USA -more than half are illegal immigration violations
