Nuclear Medicine Radiation Safety – Flashcards
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Roentgen
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1cc in Air External X & Gamma rays GM Survey Meters
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SI Unit for Roentgen
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Coulombs/kilogram 3880
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REM (R)
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To Man External & Internal X, Gamma, Alpha, Beta Radiation Badges Rem=Rad x QF
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SI unit for REM(R)
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Sievert (Sv) 1 Sv=100Rem
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RAD
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Deposited in 1 unit of mass or matter Absorbed Dose Internal Dosimetry Dose to Patient
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SI unit for RAD
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Gray (Gy) 1 Gy=100 Rad
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Curie
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Rate of Decay 1Ci=1dps (disintegrations per second) 1uCi=37MBq M=10(-6)
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Dps
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Disintegrations per Second 3.7 x 10(10)
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Dpm
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Disintegration per minute 2.22 x 10(12)
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SI Unit for Curie
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Becqueral (MBq) 0.027mci
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RAD, REM, Roentgen are Equal when?
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When talking about X and Gamma Rays
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EDE
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Effective Dose Equivalent
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TEDE
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Total Effective Dose Equivalent External & Internal 5 Rem/yr DDE + CEDE
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DDE
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Deep Dos Equivalent External Whole Body Depth 1cm 5 Rem/yr
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SDE
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Shallow Dose Equivalent External Area 1sq.cm Depth 0.007cm 50 Rem/yr
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LDE
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Lens Dose Equivalent External Depth 0.3cm 15 Rem/yr
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TODE
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Total Organ Dose Equivalent Internal DDE + CDE <50 Rem/yr
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CEDE
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Committed Effective Dose Internal CDE x WF 5 Rem/yr
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CDE
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Internal Over a 50 yr period
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Ali (Annual Limit intake) for I 131
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Therapy 50uCi
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Annual Background Limit
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300-600 mRem/yr
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3 Ionizing Chambers
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Cutie Pie Pocket Dosimeter Dose Calibrater
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3 GM Meter
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Steel Wall End Window Pancake
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GM Meter
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Gas Filled-Argon Measured in Roentgen(=Rem) Measured in mR/Hr (mRem) Surveys 600-1000 Volts
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Ionizing Chamber "Cutie Pie"
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Gun Shape (*shoot the patient) Gas Filled-Dry Air 300mR/Hr Therapy Patient (after treatment before leaving hospital) 1:1 relationship 300 Volts
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Nal Detector (sodium)
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Crystal Scintillation Highest Voltage (1M cpm) Highest Sensitivity Most Expensive Radioactivity - Land fields - Well Counter - Counts Wipe Test Measures in Cpm 600-1200 Volts
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Steel Wall (GM Meter)
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Survey Background Least Sensitive vs Pancake 1,000mR/Hr
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Pancake (GM Meter)
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Contamination HCC=Trash Most Sensitive vs Steel Wall 3600mR/Hr
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2 types of Surveys
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Ambient Wipe Test ***meter should be sensitive to 0.1mR/hr
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Ambient Survey (area)
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Area where RP's are stored and used Daily (end of the day)
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Wipe Test (area)
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Removable Contamination Where RP's are used
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Convert Curie to Becqueral
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multiply by 3.7 x 10^10
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Millicurie (mCi) to MegaBecquerals
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multiply by 37
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MicroCurie (uCi) to MegaBecquerals
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multiply by 0.037
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MilliRad (mRad) to MilliGray (mGy)
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multiply by 0.01
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MilliRem (mRem) to MicroSieverts (uSv)
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multiply by 10
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MilliRoentgen (mR) to Microcoulombs/Kg
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mulyiply by 0.258
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3 Transportation Labels Colors
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White I Yellow II Yellow III *measured in mRem/Hr
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White I
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Surface = 0.5 mRem/hr 1 Meter away = NSB (not specific above background)
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Yellow II
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Surface = 50 mRem/hr 1 Meter away = 1.0 mRem/hr ***TI # = exposure at 1 meter away
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Yellow III
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Surface = 200 mRem/hr 1 Meter away = 10mRem/hr
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Max DOT for transport on public roads?
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10mR/hr at 1 meter away 200mR/hr at surface (Yellow III Label actually)
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Sealed Source should be Leak Tested and inventoried how often?
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Every 6 months Performed by a Licensed Company
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Sealed Source Leak Test should be done on?
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Sealed sources containing photon emitting source greater than 100uCi Not to exceed 0.005uCi of radioactivity
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Trigger Levels are also called?
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Contamination levels or Action levels
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Ambient (Area) Restricted & Unrestricted Areas
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Unrestricted = 2mR/hr Restricted = 5mR/hr Usually tho = 0.5mR/hr HCC Usually = 0.08mR/hr
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Wipe Test Limits on Area
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NRC = 2,000dpm/100cm^2 Texas = 1,000dpm/100cm^2
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Wipe Test Limits on Received RAM
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6,600dpm/300cm^2 OR 22dpm/cm^2
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Wipe Test Limit for I-131 (unrestricted)
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200dpm/100cm^2
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Efficiency =
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Cpm/Dpm counts per minute/disintegrations per minute
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Dpm =
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cpm/efficiency (decimal) uCi x 2.22 x 10^6
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3 reasons for Monitoring
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Detect Radiation Contamination Evaluate Shielding Measure Personnel Exposure
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4 Monitoring Devices
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Film Badge Luxel Pocket Dosimeter TLD (ring)
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Film Badge
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Reads up to 10mRem accuracy Cheapest X & Gamma Least Sensitive Reviewed Yearly Film darkens when exposed Easily Damaged by Heat & Humidity
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Luxel (what we use)
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OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) (Laser) Aluminum Oxide Whole Body Most Sensitive (low & high levels) Reads 1-1,000mRem (X & Gamma) Reads 10-1,000mRem (Beta) Copper Tin Imaging Filter More expensive than Film Badge
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TLD (Thermoluminescence Dosimeter) *Ring
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Lithium Flouride or Calcium Chip of Crystaline lattice, e- excited, heated & proportional to energy received. Most Expensive Measures SDE(skin & hands) Wear up to 3months Reads 5 and up mRem More Sensitive than Film Less Sensitive to Heat & Humidity
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Pocket Dosimeter
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Ionizing Chamber - Dry Air Not Accurate in Low Levels Charge to 0 Daily Accurate with High Levels Reads 1-200mR Temp Employee, Initial Pregnancy, High Radiation Area, New Procedures, and Visitors
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2 Philosphies of Disposing of Ram
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Concentrate & Contain Dilute & Disperse
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6 Methods of Disposing of RAM
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Decay & Storage Transfer to Authorized Recipient Venting to Outside Sewer Incineration Burial
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2 methods od Disposing of RAM mostly used in Nuclear Medicine
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Decay & Storage Transfer to Authorized Reciepent
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Decay & Storage
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10CFR 20.2001 & 35.92 Keep until not specific to Background Survey to prove Obliterate labels Half Life <120 days (10CFR) Half Life <65 days (Texas 289.256)
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Transfer to Authorized Recipient
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Must have documentation proving Authorized to receive RAM
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Venting to Outside
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Must not exceed ALi Must keep Records
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Sewer
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Max: 1Ci/yr Must keep records Human Excreta is exempt
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Incineration & Burial
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Both require Special Permits
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3 types of RAM Licenses
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General Specific Limited Specific Broad
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NCR 10CFR35 License
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(11,12,& 30) 30.31 Types of License General & Specific
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State 289.252 License
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252 Types of License General & Specific
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General License
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Small Quanities In Vitro studies (in Tubes) or non imaging studies Ex. Thyroid uptake bc its measured by counts not imaging.
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Specific Limited License
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Physicians or Institutions like Cardiac Clinics No training or research
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Specific Broad License
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Physicians or Institutions like Big Hospitals that perform research or training.
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Types of uses associated with Specific RAM License
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Groups I - VI (1-6) I)In Vitro and In Vivo Non Imging II)Diagnostic Imaging III)RP for Therapy IV)Brachytherapy V)Sealed Sources for Diagnostic Imaging VI)Teletherapy
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Which Groups are most likely to be a concern in Nuclear Medicine?
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I,II,III, and V
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Group I In Vitro In Vivo Non-diagnostic Imaging
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Must have survey meter
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Group II Diagnostic Imaging
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Controls the use of Aerosols and Gases Devices 0.1-100mRem/hr & 1-1000mRem/hr
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Group III RP's for Therapy
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Unsealed RP Release limits & Instructions
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Bioassays are for what
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To determine Internal Dose Performed by Thyroid Counts Level I and Level II (limits)
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After Handling Therapeutic I-131 Liquid what should be done?
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Bioassay with 6-72hrs.
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Bioassay I-131 Level I Limit
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2% 0.133 uCi @ 24hrs x 222 x 10^6 = 292,600 dpm
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Bioassay I-131 Level II LImit
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10% 0.665 uCi @ 24hrs x 2.22 x10^6 = 1,476,300 dpm
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TEDE whole body limits
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Federal = 5 Rem/yr Hyder = 0.5 Rem/yr
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Skin limits
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Federal = 50 Rem/yr Hyder = 5 Rem/yr
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Eye Limits
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Federal = 15 Rem/yr Hyder = 1.5 Rem/yr
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Public limits
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Federal = 100 Rem/yr
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Embryo Limits
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Federal = 500 Rem/ gestation OR 50/month
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Minor Limits
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Federal = 500 Rem/yr OR 10% TEDE
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ALARA
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AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE
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ALARA Investigational Limits (level I & II)
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Level I = 10% Quarterly Level II = 30% Quarterly
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ALARA Investigational Level I 10% Quarterly
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TEDE = 125mRem SDE = 1250mRem LDE = 375mRem ***NO Action Needed
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ALARA Investigational Level II 30% Quarterly
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TEDE = 375mRem SDE = 3750mRem LDE = 1125mRem ***RSO reports to RSC
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10CFR:19 --- 25TAC 289.203
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Notices Instructions Reports to Workers
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10CFR:20 --- 25TAC 289.202
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Standards for Protection against Radiation
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10CFR;35 --- 25TAC 289.256
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Medical use of by-product Materials Radiation Safety Program
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10CFR;71 --- 25TAC 289.257
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Packaging Transporting RAM
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Caution Radioactive Materials
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Ex.)Hot Lab Licensed RAM is stored or used Exceeds the 10x the 10CFR20 limits
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Caution Radiation Area
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Ex.) PET/CT SPECT/CT Exceeds 5mRem/hr @ 30cm OR 100mRem in 5 consec days
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Caution Airborne Radioactivity
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Ex.) Fume Hood, Gases, Aerosols exceeds 10% Ali/Dac
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Caution High Radioactive
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Not in NUC MED Exceeds 100mRem/hr "Grave Danger" = Exceeds 500mRem/hr
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NRC
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Nuclear Regulatory Commission Use of by product Radioactive Materials 10CFR = Federal Regulations
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Tx. DSHS
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Texas Dept of Health Services Radiation Control Program Equivalent to NRC
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OSHA
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Occupational Safety & Health Administration Rules for Work Safety
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FDA
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Food & Drug Administration Approval of RP's (NDA =New Drug IND = Investigational Drug = Written Consent!
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DOT
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Dept of Transportation Shipping of RP's *class 71 (49CFR)
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TJC
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Texas Joint Commission Standards for Healthcare Accreditation of Facilities
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EPA
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Environmental Protection Agency Release RP's in Air *NRC took over TECQ =Tx Commission on Environmental Quality (Ali & Dac) 10CFR20
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NCRP
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National Council Radiation Effects
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ICRP
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International Commission Radiation Effects
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MIRD
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Medical Internal Radiation Dose Formulas for Dose Limits
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BIER
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Biological Effects Of Ionizing Radiation WWII Survivors of Nagasaki & Hiroshima First report 1972
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UNSCEAR
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Same as BIER Atomic Effects of Radiation
