Nuclear Chemistry: Unit 5 – Flashcards
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The exchange or shafing of electrons which does not affect the nucleus
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Most chemical reactions involve
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Bc it involves changes in the nucleus
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How is nuclear chemistry different than other chemical reactions?
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When the nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element Which means the number of protons is changing (doesn't happen at your house, not normal)
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Transmutation
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Ration of neutrons to protons
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What determines the stability of a nucleus?
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One:one
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For elements with low atomic numbers the ration is close to
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More neutrons than protons
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For elements with higher atomic numbers they need
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83 They are radioactive
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All nucleiwith atomic numbers greater than ___ are unstable
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Wrong ratio of neutrons to protons An unstable nucleus decays spontaneously to form protons that are more stable, realeasing radiation
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Radioactive
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Radioisotopes
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Radioactive isotopes
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Alpha particles Beta particles Positrons Gamma rays
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When a nucleus decays it emits radiation in the form of either
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Helium nucleus with two protons and two neutrons
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Alpha particle
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Electrons that came out of the nucleus
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Beta particle
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Electrons with a positive charge (Atoms like electrons, same thing but with a positive charge)
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Positron
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Energy
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Gamma rays
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Ability to go through matter
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Penetrating power
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4 u 2+ 4 2 He Low (biggest mass)
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Alpha -mass -charge -symbol -penetrating power
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0 u 1- 0 -1 e Moderate
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Beta -mass -charge -symbol -penetrating power
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0u 1+ 0 -1 e Moderate
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Positron -mass -charge -symbol -penetrating power
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0u 0 0 0 y High (no mass)
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Gamma -mass -charge -symbol -penetrating power
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Are deflected toward the negative place
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Alpha particles
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Are deflected toward the positive plate
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Particles
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Not deflected- no charge
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Gamma rays
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Are deflected more than alpha particles because they have a smaller mass (lighter)
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Beta particles
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Can be harmful to living things
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Radiation
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1. Can ionize (cause to form ions which can damage tissue) 2. Can cause cells to be unable to carry on normal functions and can lead to cell death 3. Can cause mutations (cancer)
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How can radiation harm living things?
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Unstable nucleus that emits an alpha particle Usually heavy nuclei with atomic numbers greater than 82
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Alpha emitter
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Radioactive, unstable
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83 and up are considered
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Decreases by 2
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Alpha: Atomic number
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Decreases by 4
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Alpha: Mass number
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Decreases by 2
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Alpha: number of neutrons
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An unstable nucleus that emits beta particles
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Beta emitter
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The neutron splits into a proton and electron Too many neutrons, so they make more protons and electrons. They only need protons so the electron comes out of the nucleus
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How can this happen?
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Increases by 1
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Beta: atomic number
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Stays the same (bc the protons goes up so neutrons goes down)
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Beta: mass number
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Decreases by 1
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Beta: number of neutrons
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Unstable nucleus that emits a positron
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Positron emitter
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The proton splits into a neutron and a positron
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How can this happen?
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Decreases by one
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Positron: atomic number
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Stays the same
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Positron: mass number
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Increases by one
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Positron: number of neutrons
