Nicotine & Tobacco – Flashcards
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What are 2 of 60 species of Nicotiana?
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Nicotiana rustica & Nicotiana tabacum
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Which scientific substance provides all of the tobacco used in the USA?
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Nicotiana tabacum
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List 5 types of tobacco:
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1. cigarettes 2. cigars 3. snuff 4. chewing tobacco 5. pipe tobacco
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What is the main drug in tobacco?
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nicotine
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Where was tobacco use indigenous to?
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South America
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When & where was tobacco popular in Europe?
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London in 1614
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What did people think the value of tobacco use was?
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believed it had medicinal value
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What percentage of ppl over the age of 12 were smokers in 2007?
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25%
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Which ages have the highest smoking rates?
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18-25 year olds
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As education level ____________, rate of smoking ___________.
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increases, decreases
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Do employed people or unemployed people smoke more?
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unemployed
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What percentage of 8th graders who plan on going to college smoke? Not going to college?
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5.5% (not going: 21.1%)
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What percentage of college students smoked last month? Non-college students?
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25.6% (non-college: 41.2%)
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True or False: The earlier a person starts to smoke, the easier it is to quit later.
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False! The earlier a person starts smoking = the HARDER it is to quit later
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What did the Freshman Study say about smoking?
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the results said the earlier you start smoking, the more likely you are to keep smoking
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Which age group would smoking companies target in their advertisements?
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adolescents
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Which age groups brain is more sensitive to reinforcing effects of nicotine?
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adolescent brains
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What do PET scan studies show?
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greater effects of nicotine in ppl with hostile or aggressive personalities
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What kind of adolescents are more receptive to tobacco ads?
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novelty-seeking
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What chemical does nicotine mimic?
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acetylcholine (ACH)
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What does ACH stand for?
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acetylcholine
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List 2 things ACT acts on:
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1. autonomic nervous system 2. central nervous system
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What are 2 biphasic effects that nicotine has?
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1. low doses stimulate ACH 2. high doses retard neural transmission
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What does ACH cause?
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contraction of neural fibers
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What is the most reinforcing nicotinic receptor in the brain?
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hetermeric neuronal achs
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Name 2 subtypes of ACH receptors:
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1. muscarinic receptors 2. nicotinic receptors
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Where is nicotine absorbed in the body?
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across all body membranes (nose, mouth, lungs, GI tract, skin)
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What affects tobacco absorption?
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site of contact & length of time the tobacco contacts the membranes
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Does nicotine distribute slowly or quickly?
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quickly
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What is the half life of nicotine?
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10-20 minutes
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Where is it metabolized?
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the liver
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Where is nicotine excreted?
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all body fluids (but mostly urine)
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What happens to smokers as their nicotine levels drop?
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they experience withdrawal & need another dose of nicotine to stop it
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How quickly does tolerance develop with cigarettes?
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very fast, within the first few cigarettes ever smoked
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What usually happens when you smoke your first cigarette ever?
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dizziness, sweating, nausea, or vomiting
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True or False: Nicotine is a weak reinforcer.
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True! it's actually really hard to get a rat to use nicotine & become addicted to it
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In what year did Surgeon Genera Report withdrawal symptoms?
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1988
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List a variety of withdrawal symptoms:
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1. craving, irritability, anxiety 2. difficulty concentrating, restlessness 3. increased appetite & insomnia
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What percentage of adolescents who occasionally smoke more than 2 or 3 cigs develop nicotine dependence?
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85%
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List 8 acute effects:
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1. enhances alertness 2. enhances learning 3. enhances memory 4. increases heart rate 5. increases blood pressure 6. increases heart contraction 7. relaxes skeletal muscles 8. decreases appetite for sweet food
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What other drugs do these acute effects look similar to?
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meth & cocaine (but LESS INTENSE)
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Name 3 life-threatening diseases that smoking increases your risk of dying from:
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1. lung / oral cancers 2. emphysema 3. heart disease / stroke
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Smoking can also increase the likelihood of pregnancy complications like a miscarriage...Why?
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because you asphyxiate the fetus (you are starving the fetus of oxygen)
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What are 4 tobacco culprits?
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1. tar 2. nicotine 3. carbon monoxide 4. passive smoke (second hand smoke)
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How many people die from passive smoke each year?
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53,000 (third leading cause of preventable death in the US)
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What is passive smoke categorized as?
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a "Group A" carcinogen
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Are cigarettes low in tar & nicotine safe?
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NO they are not safer because ppl put their mouths over the holes that are supposed to release the tar & nicotine
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What is tar?
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a sticky substance, adhering to cells in the lungs & airways leading to them
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What does tar do?
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alters the composition of cilia that normally sweet unwanted particles away
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What does tar allow to settle in our bodies?
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permits carcinogenic compounds to settle on pulmonary tissue
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The levels of tar & nicotine has been (lowering or increasing) over the years.
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lowering
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What is nicotine?
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a toxic, dependence-producing psychoactive drug, found exclusively in tovacco
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What does nicotine stimulate?
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CNS receptors sensitive to acetylcholine
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What does nicotine cause the release of?
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releases adrenaline
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Where does nicotine inhibit activity?
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in the gastrointestinal tract
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Is it the nicotine or the tar that kills you?
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the tar
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What is carbon monoxide?
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an odorless, colorless, tasteless toxic gas
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What does carbon monoxide attach itself to?
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hemoglobin, which prevents oxygen from being carried from the lungs to the rest of the body
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What happens over time with each cigarette puff?
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you are starving yourself from oxygen
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How much of the nicotine from cigarettes being smoked ends up in the atmosphere?
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3/4
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Is passive smoke dangerous?
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YES because it can increase the likelihood of cancer
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Name 3 health consequences of tobacco use:
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1. cardiovascular disease 2, respiratory diseases (COPD) 3. Cancer
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What are 2 types of cardiovascular disease?
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1. arteriosclerosis 2. atherosclerosis
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What are 2 types of respiratory diseases?
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1. chronic bronchitis 2. emphysema
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List 7 types of cancer that tobacco use increases the risk of:
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1. lung cancer 2. larynx cancer 3. mouth cancer 4. lip cancer 5. bladder cancer 6. pancreatic cancer 7. kidney or uterine cancer
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Where is the nicotine from cigar smoke absorbed?
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directly through tissues lining the mouth
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How likely are cigar smokers to get lung cancer?
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5 times higher risk of lung cancer
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How likely are cigar smokers to get mouth, throat, or esophagus cancer?
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2 times higher risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, and esophagus
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What percentage of an increased risk are cigar smokers for COPD?
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45% higher risk of COPD
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What percentage of an increased risk are cigar smokers for coronary heart disease?
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27% higher risk of coronary heart disease
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Name 6 forms of smokeless tobacco:
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1. chewing tobacco 2. loose-leaf 3. fine-cut 4. plug 5. twist 6. snuff
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What is a major part of treatment?
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the motivation to quit
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List 5 influences on relapse:
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1. withdrawal 2. stress 3. social pressure 4. alcohol use 5. weight gain
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What are 3 treatment goals?
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1. control nicotine withdrawal 2. break habits of movements used in smoking 3. learn coping skills
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List 2 facts about behavioral programs for treatment:
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1. effective compared to placebo 2. high relapse rates
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Research tells us that the more times you attempt to quit, (increases or decreases) the chances that you will be successful.
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increases the chances!
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Name 6 nicotine replacement therapies:
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1. gum 2. patch 3. nasal spray 4. inhaler 5. lozenge 6. vaporizer
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What are 2 drugs that could be helpful nicotine treatments?
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1. Buprpion (Zyban) - also an antidepressant 2. Varenicline (Chantix) - a nicotinic partial agonist
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Why were vaporizers originally developed?
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as a harm reduction therapy
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Are teens more likely to use cigarettes or e-cigs?
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e-cigarettes
