question

archaeologists

answer

people who study artifacts created by humans

question

archaic

answer

both types of hunting and gathering cultures

question

artifacts

answer

material remains

question

Beringia

answer

land brideg

question

Bering Strait

answer

narrow passage way from Russia to Alaska

question

Chumash

answer

American Indians in California

question

chiefdoms

answer

hierarchy of chiefs

question

clovis points

answer

arrow heads, used for big animals

question

culture

answer

customs art and achievements of particular people

question

Folsom points

answer

form of chipped stone, used for smaller animals, sharper

question

giant bison

answer

huge wild ox

question

historians

answer

experts in history

question

homo erectus

answer

extinct hominoid

question

homo sapiens

answer

humans

question

mexica

answer

rulers of aztec empire

question

paleo indians

answer

earliest inhabitants of america

question

paleontologists

answer

study of fossil animals and plants

question

prehistory

answer

time before written records

question

Pangaea

answer

super continent

question

tenochtitlan

answer

capital of aztec empire

question

wisconsin glaciation

answer

glaciers that provided a land bridge

question

eastern woodlands

answer

east of mississippi, deer, built houses, pottery

question

great plains

answer

nomadic bison hunters, last captured by whites

question

great basin

answer

east of rockies, piñon nuts, fishing, poop

question

pacific

answer

chumash, currency, acorn, most densely settled, tlinglit

question

arctic

answer

igloos by inuit, bows/arrows, thule first natives to encounter whites

question

south west

answer

3 sisters corn beans and squash, pueblos, kivas, pit houses

question

dallas site

answer

salmon fishing, trading, archaeological discovery of eastern woodlands

question

Archaic Indians

answer

Early people who lived North America from 8,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.

question

Clovis people

answer

10,000 years ago clovis migrated from todays siberia to what is now Alaska; the first actual people in the New world with tools and spears

question

Adena people

answer

Mound-building people who lived in the Ohio River Valley

question

George McJunkin

answer

He found ancient animal bones on a ranch in New Mexico.

question

artifacts

answer

objects made and used by early humans

question

archaeology

answer

study of artifacts and relics of early mankind

question

Folsom points

answer

replaced the larger Clovis spearheads

question

Pangaea

answer

the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents

question

continental drift

answer

the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)

question

homo erectus

answer

extinct species of human beings - smaller brains

question

homo sapiens

answer

current species of human beings - larger brains

question

Wisconsin glaciation

answer

A global cold spell. Snow piled up in glaciers that did not melt, causing the sea level to drop by as much as 350 feet below its current level.

question

Beringia

answer

land bridge that connected Asia and North America

question

clovis points

answer

large spear points left by Paleo-Indians.

question

pueblo

answer

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

question

kiva

answer

a round room used by the pueblo people for religious ceremonies

question

burial mounds

answer

The hopewell indians who lived over a large area of the eastern andcentral U.S. in very early times built many of these

question

chiefdoms

answer

burial mounds that were typically bigger with the chief being the central point of the mound

question

Cahokia

answer

the leading site of the Mississippian culture that built a 100-foot high, flat topped earthen pyramid.

question

League of Five Nations

answer

the largest Indian group in the eastern U.S.; Iroquois tribes

question

Tenochtitlan

answer

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco.

question

Mexican Empire

answer

Aztecs- exemplified the central values of Mexican society

question

Modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by 1. making an educated guess based primarily on what they know about a specific natural environment. 2. relying only on what they can learn from artifacts. 3. combining a variety of approaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors. 4. relying only on written documents.

answer

combining a variety of approaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors.

question

In AD 1492, the empire of the Mexica 1. traded peacefully with neighboring groups, which allowed the Mexica to develop a rich culture that included writing, waterworks, gardens, and zoos. 2. encompassed 2.5 million people and had a rich culture due to the region's abundant rainfall and natural resources. 3. encompassed up to 25 million people and became enriched by redistributing the wealth of those they conquered. 4. stretched from Brazil to Mexico and encompassed 5 million people.

answer

encompassed up to 25 million people and became enriched by redistributing the wealth of those they conquered

question

Anasazi culture disappeared 1. for reasons that remain a mystery. 2. because of a drought that lasted more than fifty years. 3. because many Anasazi left in pursuit of the great bison. 4. because the Anasazi lost a series of wars with neighboring Indian groups.

answer

because of a drought that lasted more than fifty years.

question

Eastern Woodland peoples around the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492 clustered into which three major groups? 1. Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Muskogean peoples 2. Sioux, Cheyenne, and Blackfeet peoples 3. Apache, Navajo, and Hopi tribes 4. Pawnee, Mandan, and Comanche tribes

answer

Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Muskogean peoples

question

Multistory cliff dwellings and pueblos are residential structures associated with the 1. Anasazi communities. 2. Adena people. 3. Hopewell excavations. 4. Mogollon culture

answer

Anasazi communities

question

Although the exact time people began migrating to North America is debated by experts, the first migrants probably arrived 1. around 15,000 BP. 2. over 1.5 million years ago. 3. around 25,000 BP. 4. less than 5,000 years ago.

answer

around 15,000 BP.

question

The League of Five Nations, which remained powerful well into the eighteenth century, was formed as 1. an alliance among Spain, England, France, the Netherlands, and Portugal in AD 1500 to promote New World exploration. 2. a confederation of the Iroquoian tribes for the purposes of war and diplomacy. 3. an alliance among the Algonquian tribes for the purposes of perpetuating their nomadic existence. 4. a confederation of the Aztec tribes for the purpose of establishing a trade network.

answer

a confederation of the Iroquoian tribes for the purposes of war and diplomacy

question

Evidence indicates that before 1492 Native Americans 1. engaged in violent conflict with others infrequently and in limited ways. 2. engaged in extensive and frequent religious and familial conflicts. 3. lived in peace and harmony with each other. 4. engaged in violent conflict and that some practiced cannibalism.

answer

engaged in violent conflict and that some practiced cannibalism.

question

Around the time Europeans arrived in the New World, most native North Americans obtained much of their food 1. through a combination of trade and farming. 2. through a combination of hunting and gathering and farming. 3. through a combination of hunting and long-distance trade. 4. from local trade

answer

through a combination of hunting and gathering and farming.

question

The Archaic Indians in the Great Basin inhabited a region of 1. predominantly desert topography with little plant or animal life. 2. great environmental diversity, including marshes, deserts, and mountains. 3. few game animals and waterfowl. 4. moderate temperature variations and long growing seasons.

answer

great environmental diversity, including marshes, deserts, and mountains

question

The Archaic Indians of the Great Basin maintained their basic hunter-gatherer way of life until long after AD 1492 by 1. concentrating their settlements near the rainy foothills of mountains. 2. relying primarily on a diet of small-game meat. 3. diversifying their food sources and migrating to favorable locations. 4. carefully charting and following the migrations of a particular game animal.

answer

diversifying their food sources and migrating to favorable locations.

question

Around 4000 BP, which of the following important changes occurred among Woodland cultures? 1. They began focusing less on hunting and more on plant gathering because their traditional animal food sources were becoming scarce. 2. They abandoned their hunting-gathering lifestyle and built permanent settlements devoted to raising corn. 3. They incorporated limited forms of plant growing and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle. 4. They abandoned their hunting-gathering lifestyle and began domesticating animals for food sources.

answer

They incorporated limited forms of plant growing and pottery making into their hunting-gathering lifestyle

question

After their arrival in the Western Hemisphere, Paleo-Indians migrated to the southern tip of South America and virtually everywhere else in the Western Hemisphere within 1. 10,000 years or so. 2. 50 years or so. 3. 100 years or so. 4. 1,000 years or so.

answer

1,000 years or so.

question

Which of the following is an accurate description of Archaic Indians? 1. They hunted smaller game with traps, nets, and hooks and used tools to process wild foods. 2. They domesticated animals as a food source. 3. They depended on agriculture for food. 4. Most established permanent, though small, villages.

answer

They hunted smaller game with traps, nets, and hooks and used tools to process wild foods.

question

Modern archaeologists study ancient peoples by 1. combining a variety of approaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors. 2. relying only on what they can learn from artifacts. 3. making an educated guess based primarily on what they know about a specific natural environment. 4. relying only on written documents.

answer

combining a variety of approaches that include the study of artifacts and attention to environmental factors.

question

The primary reason native peoples in California remained hunters and gatherers for hundreds of years after Europeans arrived in the Western Hemisphere was that 1. the small number of tribes in the region freely shared acorn-gathering territory. 2. both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply. 3. California was the least populated area in ancient America, and little competition existed for food sources. 4. the California peoples developed specialized diets that included only fish and marine life.

answer

both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply.

question

The Athapascan tribes—mainly Apache and Navajo—were 1. skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo Indians. 2. descendants of the Anasazi cultures who lived in settled agricultural communities. 3. migrants from Mesoamerica who invaded the southwest. 4. successful farmers who grew both corn and sunflowers.

answer

skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo Indians

question

The greatest similarity among the many tribes that inhabited North America at the dawn of European colonization was that 1. they used domesticated animals for hunting and agricultural production. 2. they employed some form of written language. 3. they no longer depended on hunting and gathering for the major proportion of their food. 4. their distinct cultures had developed as adaptations to their local natural environments.

answer

their distinct cultures had developed as adaptations to their local natural environments

question

Burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with 1. Southwestern cultures. 2. Great Basin cultures. 3. Woodland cultures. 4. Pacific Northwest cultures.

answer

Woodland cultures.

question

The apparent uniformity of the big-game-oriented Clovis culture was replaced by great cultural diversity in the last eleven millennia because people devoted more energy to 1. developing trade networks, which led to more bartering and exchange of ideas. 2. domesticating animals to replace the large mammals, which led to greater specialization of tribal roles. 3. foraging, which pushed them into other natural environments and led to more profound environmental adaptations. 4. developing stationary agriculture, which led to more diverse farming cultures.

answer

foraging, which pushed them into other natural environments and led to more profound environmental adaptations

question

Agriculture changed Archaic cultures because it 1. encouraged the gradual establishment of permanent settlements and discouraged mobility. 2. discouraged permanent settlements and encouraged mobility. 3. made Native Americans more vulnerable to smallpox and other diseases. 4. quickly led to the disappearance of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

answer

encouraged the gradual establishment of permanent settlements and discouraged mobility.

question

. Cahokia, near present-day St. Louis, Missouri, was 1. the birthplace of the most powerful ancient chief. 2. a remarkably egalitarian Mississippian village. 3. noteworthy for its lack of burial mounds. 4. the largest Mississippian site.

answer

the largest Mississippian site.

question

Spanish conquerors exploited the weaknesses of the Mexican empire, which included 1. subject peoples who did not see the Mexica as legitimate or fair rulers. 2. an overreliance on trade with neighboring cultures. 3. diverse tribal factions that were often in conflict with one another. 4. a brewing democratic reform movement

answer

subject peoples who did not see the Mexica as legitimate or fair rulers

question

Ancient Southwestern Indians became experts in 1. soil conservation. 2. wild-game conservation. 3. waterfowl conservation. 4. water conservation.

answer

water conservation.

question

The basic reason for the early, prolonged absence of humans in the Western Hemisphere is that 1. plentiful food made it unnecessary for northern European tribes to seek a different home. 2. large herds of mammoths made migration to the Americas too dangerous. 3. the warm climate of Africa attracted most of the earth's population. 4. North and South America had become detached from the gigantic continent of Pangaea.

answer

North and South America had become detached from the gigantic continent of Pangaea.

question

Most of the artifacts that have survived from the Paleo-Indian era suggest that the first Americans 1. used bows and arrows to kill small animals. 2. specialized in hunting big mammals. 3. ate no plant foods. 4. developed permanent settlements along the Canadian Rockies.

answer

specialized in hunting big mammals.

question

Which of the following statements does not accurately describe the work of a historian? 1. Historians study artifacts but focus more of their attention on written documents left by people in the past. 2. Historians and archaeologists usually employ different methods to obtain information. 3. Historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people. 4. Historians study personal as well as public writings

answer

Historians seek artifacts over written documents to determine the attitudes of a people.

question

At the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World, the population of Native Americans in North America is prudently estimated to have been 1. 500,000. 2. 1 million. 3. 15 million. 4. 4 million.

answer

4 million

question

About 11,000 years ago, the Paleo-Indians faced a major crisis because 1. the large animals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate. 2. people had difficulty living in a cooling climate. 3. an overconcentration on hunting small animals eliminated many of the food sources of the large mammals. 4. running water became scarce as the climate cooled.

answer

the large animals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate.

question

The Wisconsin glaciation created conditions that permitted 1. a very narrow land bridge to surface for a short time so that some migrating hunters could leave Asian Siberia and enter American Alaska. 2. freezing of the waters of the Bering Strait, which supported over-the-ice migration of hunters into American Alaska. 3. a warming of the waters of the Bering Strait, thereby raising the sea level 350 feet and allowing easy navigation over submerged icebergs. 4. the creation of Beringia, which supported herds of mammoth, bison, and smaller animals.

answer

the creation of Beringia, which supported herds of mammoth, bison, and smaller animals.

question

Though ancient Americans lacked writing skills, they 1. shared a common spoken language. 2. differed from most people over the past 400 million years in this respect. 3. knew how to read. 4. used many other kinds of symbolic representation.

answer

used many other kinds of symbolic representation

question

Early Woodland Indians practiced basic survival strategies including 1. hunting deer and gathering nuts and seeds. 2. building large, permanent settlements and growing a variety of crops. 3. following the great herds of bison and harvesting wild-growing corn. 4. herding sheep and fishing for salmon.

answer

hunting deer and gathering nuts and seeds

question

Multistory cliff dwellings and pueblos are residential structures associated with the 1. Mogollon culture. 2. Hopewell excavations. 3. Adena people. 4. Anasazi communities.

answer

Anasazi communities.

question

In 1492, Native American cultures were 1. characterized by an impressive level of similarity and unity. 2. divided into about a dozen groups whose members shared most important cultural traits. 3. becoming increasingly unified and similar. 4. so varied that they defy easy and simple description.

answer

so varied that they defy easy and simple description.

question

Pueblo

answer

a group of Native Americans peoples decendants of the Anasazi inhabiting the deserts of the southwest

question

Archaic era

answer

hunting and gathering Indians who descended from Paleo-Indians

question

Artifacts

answer

Material remains studied and used by archaeologists and historians to support their interpretations of human history.

question

Beringia

answer

the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska that was exposed by the Wisconsin glaciation, allowing people to migrate to the Western Hemisphere

question

Kiva

answer

For secret ceremonies restricted to men that sought to communicate within the super natural world

question

Chiefdoms

answer

hierarchal social organizations headed by chiefs

question

Chumash

answer

Pacific Coast - acorn, currency, salmon

question

Clovis points

answer

distinctively shaped spearheads used by Paleo-Indians and named for the place in New Mexico where they were first excavated

question

Burial mounds

answer

The Adena built hundreds of burial mounds that accompanied burials with grave goods

question

Cahokia

answer

The largest Mississpian site.

question

Folsom points

answer

flint spear points fashioned by humans and named for the site in New Mexico where an important collection of them were found

question

League of Five Nations

answer

Made for purposes of war and diplomacy, it remained powerful well into the 18th century

question

Tribute

answer

Redistributed to Mexicas as much as 1/3 of the goods produced and conquered by tribes

question

Matrilineal rules of descent

answer

Properties of al sorts belonged to women

question

Homo erectus

answer

the first human beings on Earth who originated from Africa about 2 million years ago

question

Homo sapiens

answer

migrated out of Africa and into Europe and Asia

question

Mexica

answer

an empire that stretched from coast to coast across central Mexico and encompassed as many as 25 million people

question

Paleo-Indians

answer

the first migrants into North America and their descendants who spread across the Americas

question

Dalles site

answer

where millions of pounds of salmon were caught

question

Tenochtitlan

answer

near the marshy island of Lake Texcoco, warriors

question

Wisconsin glaciation

answer

last glacial period, created the land bridge so that humans could migrate into the Western Hemisphere

question

Pangaea

answer

when all the continents together

question

Beringia

answer

Land bridge that was exposed between Asian Siberia and American Alaska when sea levels fell during Wisconsin glaciation (25,000-14,000 BP), opening a pathway for the migration of Siberian peoples to the Americas.

question

Paleo-Indians

answer

The first ancient Americans. Paleo-Indians concentrated their hunting activities on big game, such as mammoths and bison.

question

Clovis Points

answer

Distinctly shape spearheads used by Paleo-Indians. The discovery of Clovis points throughout North and Central America is evidence that Paleo-Indian hunters shared a common ancestry and way of life.

question

Hunter-gatherer

answer

A nomadic way of life centered on hunting animals and gathering plants for food. For much of their history, ancient Americans were hunter-gatherers.

question

Archaic-Indians

answer

Members of the many different hunting and gathering cultures that descended from Paleo-Indians. The Archaic period lasted roughly from 10,000 BP to somewhere between 4000 BP and 3000 BP.

question

Folsom points

answer

Flint spear points used by some Archaic Indians. Folsom points are named for the site in Folsom, New Mexico, where they were first discovered.

question

Burial Mounds

answer

Large earthworks constructed by the Woodland peoples of the Mississippi valley, beginning around 2500 BP. Burial mounds provide evidence of social and political hierarchy among Woodland peoples.

question

Chiefdoms

answer

The term archaeologists' use for the social and political hierarchies that emerged among some ancient Americans toward the end of the Archaic period.

question

Pueblos

answer

Multiunit dwellings that are characteristic of ancient Americans in the Southwest. The ruins of Anasazi pueblos at Mesa Verde, Colorado, and Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, still exist today.

question

Cahokia

answer

A flourishing urban area that lasted from about AD 800 until about AD 1500. The largest of the Mississippian sites, Cahokia included he mounds for ceremonies and for the residences of the chiefs. It may have had as many as thirty thousand residents.

question

Mexica

answer

Native peoples who, by 1490, had built an empire in central Mexico. Also known as Aztecs, the Mexica were a warrior people whose society was built around conquest and the extraction of tribute from conquered peoples.

question

Beringia

answer

Land bridge that was exposed between Asian Siberia and American Alaska when sea levels fell during the Wisconsin glaciation( 2500-1400BP), opening a pathway for the migration of Siberian peoples to the Americas.

question

Paleo-Indians

answer

The first ancient Americans. They concentrated their hunting activities on big game, such as mammoths and bison.

question

Colvis points

answer

Distinctly shaped spearheads used by Paleo-Indians. The discovery of these throughout North and Central America is evidence that Paleo-Indian hunters shared a common ancestry and way of life.

question

hunter-gatherer

answer

a nomadic way of life centered on hunting animals and gathering plants for food.For much of their history, ancient Americans were hunter-gathers.

question

Archaic Indians

answer

Members of the many different hunting and gathering cultures that descended from Paleo-Indians. This period lasted roughly from 10,000 BP to somewhere between 4000 BP and 3000 BP

question

Folsom points

answer

Flint spear points used by Archaic Indians. They were named for the site in _____, New Mexico, where they were first discovered.

question

burial mounds

answer

Large earthworks constructed by the Woodland peoples of the Mississippi valley, beginning around 2500 BP. They provide evidence of social and political hierarchy among Woodland peoples.

question

chiefdoms

answer

the term archaeologists use for the social and political hierarchies that emerged among some ancient Americans toward the end of the Archaic period.

question

pueblos

answer

Multiunit dwellings that are characteristic of ancient Americans in the Southwest. The ruins of Anasazi pueblos at Mesa Verde, Colorado and Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, still exist today.

question

Chaokia

answer

A flourishing urban area that lasted from about AD 800 until AD 1500. The largest of the Mississippian sites, they included huge mounds for ceremonies and for the residences of the chiefs. It may have had as many as thirty thousand residents

question

Mexica

answer

Native peoples, who by 1940, had built an entire empire in central Mexico. Also known as Aztecs, they were a warrior people whose society was built around conquest and the extraction of tribute from conquered peoples

question

Beringia

answer

Land bridge that was exposed between Asian Siberia and American Alaska when sea levels fell during the Wisconsin glaciation( 2500-1400BP), opening a pathway for the migration of Siberian peoples to the Americas.

question

Paleo-Indians

answer

The first ancient Americans. They concentrated their hunting activities on big game, such as mammoths and bison.

question

Colvis points

answer

Distinctly shaped spearheads used by Paleo-Indians. The discovery of these throughout North and Central America is evidence that Paleo-Indian hunters shared a common ancestry and way of life.

question

hunter-gatherer

answer

a nomadic way of life centered on hunting animals and gathering plants for food.For much of their history, ancient Americans were hunter-gathers.

question

Archaic Indians

answer

Members of the many different hunting and gathering cultures that descended from Paleo-Indians. The Archaic period lasted roughly from 10,000 BP to somewhere between 4000 BP and 3000 BP

question

Folsom points

answer

Flint spear points used by Archaic Indians. Folsom points are named for the site in Folsom, New Mexico, where they were first discovered.

question

burial mounds

answer

Large earthworks constructed by the Woodland peoples of the Mississippi valley, beginning around 2500 BP. They provide evidence of social and political hierarchy among Woodland peoples.

question

chiefdoms

answer

the term archaeologists use for the social and political hierarchies that emerged among some ancient Americans toward the end of the Archaic period.

question

pueblos

answer

Multiunit dwellings that are characteristic of ancient Americans in the Southwest. The ruins of Anasazi pueblos at Mesa Verde, Colorado and Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, still exist today.

question

Chaokia

answer

A flourishing urban area that lasted from about AD 800 until AD 1500. The largest of the Mississippian sites, they included huge mounds for ceremonies and for the residences of the chiefs. It may have had as many as thirty thousand residents

question

Mexica

answer

Native peoples, who by 1940, had built an entire empire in central Mexico. Also known as Aztecs, the Mexica were a warrior people whose society was built around conquest and the extraction of tribute from conquered peoples

question

Pueblo revolt

answer

A 1680 indian uprising in colonial new mexico led by popé. The rebels killed 2/3 of the spanish missionaries and drove Spaniards out of new mexico for several years until they returned by the end of the seventeenth century

question

Bacon's rebellion

answer

A colonial uprising in 1676 sparked by Virginia's indian policy. Although indian attacks triggered the rebellion, it was also the result of underlying social and political tensions in the colony

question

Mercantilism

answer

Economic policies that regulated colonial commerce for the enrichment of the mother country. 17th cent. English colonial policy was based on mercantilist assumptions

question

Navigation Acts of 1650 and 1651

answer

Acts of Parliament that specified that colonial goods had to be transported in English ships with predominantly English crews. The acts reflected the English government's belief that the interests of England should determine colonial policy

question

Yeoman

answer

A farmer who owned a small plot of land sufficient to support a family and tilled largely by servants and a few family members. During the 1st half of the 17th cent. In the Chesapeake, nearly all farmers were yeomen

question

Indentured servants

answer

English immigrants who agreed to work for 4-7 years as servants in exchange for passage to America. Indentured servitude was the primary source of labor in 17th cent. Virginia

question

Headright

answer

A grant of fifty acres of free land to new English settlers who could pay their own passage to Virginia most new Virginians, however, could not afford passage and arrived as indentured servants

question

House of Burgesses

answer

An assembly of representatives (called burgesses) est. by the Virginia company in1619. after 1624 and until 1670, all adult free men in Virginia could vote for the house of burgesses, regardless of landownership

question

Pocahontas

answer

The daughter of Powhatan, Pocahontas played a key role in a ceremonial enactment of incorporating captain john smith into powhatan's society. Later captured and held hostage at Jamestown, Pocahontas converted to Christianity and married John Rolfe, the man who helped develop the tobacco crop that resulted in Virginia's success

question

Captain John Smith

answer

Leader of the Jamestown colony. Smith learned the Algonquian language of his indian neighbors; however, this did not prevent him from misunderstanding the meaning behind his capture and redemption by powhatan and his daughter Pocahontas in 1607

question

Jamestown

answer

The colony est. by the joint-stock company called the Virginia company in 1607. mortality rates in the early years of the colony were high, as disease, famine, and indian attacks took their toll

question

Powhatan

answer

The supreme chief of about 14,000 Algonquian Indians who inhabited the coastal plain of present-day Virginia, near the Chesapeake bay. Without the help of powhatan, the Jamestown colony would not have survived

question

Dominion of new England

answer

Administrative union est. in1686 of the English colonies north of Maryland. Designed to strengthen royal control over the northern colonies, the dominion was dissolved in 1689 in the aftermath of the glorious revolution

question

King Philip's war

answer

Brief but brutal war between new England colonists and Wampanoag, nipmuck, and narragansett Indians between 1675-1676. led by the indian leader metacomet-known to the English as king Philip-and fighting against encroachment on their lands, the Indians destroyed 13 English settlements before being defeated

question

William Penn

answer

Prominent Quaker who was made the proprietor of the new royal colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. Penn est. freedom of religion in the colony and was determined to make peace with the colony's Indians.

question

New Netherlands

answer

Dutch colony north of the Chesapeake and south of new England est. in the early 17th cent. Although relatively small, it was an important European outpost. In 1664, England seized the colony and renamed it New York

question

Quakers

answer

Religious dissenters who believed that God spoke directly to each individual. Quaker beliefs clashed with those of Puritans and Anglicans, and they were persecuted in both England and Massachusetts

question

Anne Hutchinson

answer

Puritan woman who challenged the Massachusetts bay colony's position on religious issues, specifically whether a person's works could help earn salvation. Hutchinson began holding mixed-sex discussions at her house, leading the governor of the colony, john Winthrop, to become concerned. She was formally charged with and convicted of heresy in 1638 and banished from the colony

question

Roger Williams

answer

Puritan minister who criticized the political and religious order in new England and advocated religious toleration. After his banishment from new England in 1636, Williams went on to found Rhode island

question

John Winthrop

answer

Puritan lawyer and landowner who served as the first governor of new England. Winthrop hoped to reform the church of England by setting an example of godliness in the new world

question

Massachusetts Bay Company

answer

Joint-stock company that est. settlements around present-day Boston in 1630. the company's charter included a unique provision that permitted its government to be located in the colony rather than in England

question

pilgrims

answer

Puritan separatists who founded the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1620. the pilgrims believed that the church of England could not be reformed and hoped to create their own religious community outside of England

question

English reformation

answer

The break between the English church and the catholic church. The English reformation began in 1534 when henry VII outlawed the catholic church and made himself head of the church of England

question

Puritans

answer

Dissenting members of the church of England who sought to purify the church of England of remnants of Catholicism. Puritanism was less an organized movement than a set of ideas and religious principles

question

Redemptions

answer

Immigrants who agreed to pay for their passage to America by borrowing from a friend or relative who was already in the colonies or by selling themselves as servants. Many German families came to Pennsylvania as redemptioners in the 18th century.

question

Iroquois Indians

answer

A confederation of 5 (and later 6) tribes that dominated the fur trade of the St. Lawrence valley and the eastern Great Lakes in the first half of the 18th century.

question

Benjamin Franklin

answer

(1706-1790) American writer, publisher, politician, and diplomat. Franklin published Poor Richard's Almanack, which advocated hard work, discipline, and thrift. He was also a deist, believing that God's work was reflected in science and nature.

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Middle Passage

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Name given to the journey across the Atlantic that brought African slaves to the Americas. Slave ships were packed with two hundred to three hundred slaves for their trip across the Atlantic. On average, about 15 percent of the slaves who began the journey died during the Middle Passage.

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Olaudah Equiano

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18th century West African who published an account of his enslavement and transport to North America. After buying his freedom in 1766, Equiano described the horrors of the Middle Passage, which bolstered the arguments of early advocates of abolition of slavery.

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Stono rebellion

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Slave uprising in Stono, South Carolina. In Septermbber1739, a small group of slaves attacked a country store, plundered and burned more than half a dozen plantations, and killed more than 20 white colonists. After the uprising, South Carolina passed laws placing further restrictions on the activities and movements of slaves.

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Gentry

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The social and political elite of the Southern colonies who dominated society and politics. They worked to defuse social and political tensions between rich and poor whites by promoting a sense of solidarity with poor whites along racial lines.

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Deism

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Belief that God created a universe governed by natural laws and that those laws could be discovered through use of reason. Many deists also rejected the possibility of supernatural events and of God's direct intervention in the lives of human beings. Deism was an outgrowth of the 18th century enlightenment.

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Enlightenment

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18th century cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized the power of reason and focused on improving human life in the here and now. Philadelphia was the center of the discussion of Enlightenment ideas in America, especially after the formation of the American Philosophical Society in 1769.

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Great Awakening

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Early-to-mid-18th- century religious revival that attempted to convert nonbelievers and to revive the piety of the faithful through emotional as opposed to rational, appeals. The revivals renewed the spiritual energies of thousands of colonists but did not substantially boost the total number of church members.

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George Whitefield

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The most famous revivalist of the Great Awakening. Whitefield spoke before enormous audiences in both Britain and the colonies, visiting the North American colonies 7 times and staying for more than 3 years during the mid-1740s. His success inspired numerous lesser imitators to tour the colonies, leading revival meetings of their own.

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Gaspar de Portola`

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Spanish military leader who, beginning in 1769, began the establishment of Spanish missions in California, ostensibly to defend Spanish interests in the West from Russia. Eventually, these missions extended from San Diego to Monterey.

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Beringia

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The land bridge between siberia and alaska that was exposed by the wisconsin glaciation allowing people to migrate into the western hemisphere

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Paleo Indians

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First migrants and their descendants for the next few millennia (migrant to Western Hemisphere)

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Clovis point

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Distinctively shaped spearhead used by paleo Indians, named for place in Mexico where they were first excavated

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Hunter gatherer

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Way of life involving hunting game and gathering food from naturally occurring sources as opposed to farming of plants and animals. Archaic Indians and their descendants survived this way in North America for centuries

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Archaic Indians

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Hunting and gathering people that descended from paleo Indians and dominated the Americas from 10,000 BP to between 4000 and 3000 BP, approximately

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Chumash

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A Californian culture that emerged in region surrounding present day Santa Barbara about 5000 BP. Had comparatively plentiful food resources(especially acorns) that permitted them to establish relatively permanent villages

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Pueblos

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Multi unit dwellings storage spaces and ceremonial centers often termed kivas built by ancient Americans in the southwest for centuries around AD 1000

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Pueblo Bonito

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Largest residential and ceremonial site containing more than 600 rooms and 35 kivas in the major Anasazi cultural center of Chaco canyon in present day new mexico

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Burial mounds

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Earthen mounds built by ancient American people's to bury important leaders and to enact major ceremonies

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Chiefdom

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Hierarchical social organization headed by a chief. Archaeologists think that woodland cultures had chief dons because of construction of their burial mounds. Likely required one person having command over labor of others

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Cahokia

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Largest ceremonial site in ancient North America located on east bank of Mississippi River. Thousands of inhabitants built hundred of earthen mounds between AD 800 and AD 1500

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Iroquois Confederation

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Confederation of Iroquoian tribes that formed the league of five nations which remained powerful well into the eighteenth century

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Mexica

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An empire that stretched from coast to coast central Mexico and encompassed as many as 25 million people. Culture was characterized by Steep hierarchy and devotion the war God huitzilopochtli

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Huitzilipochtli

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War God of Mexica people. Sacrificed captives by cutting out their hearts which the believed fed Suns craving for blood.

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Tribute

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Goods Mexica collected from conquered people's (basic food products, candidates for human sacrifice, etc) This promoted resentment among Mexicas subjects. This created a vulnerability the Spanish would later exploit.

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Pangaea and Continental Drift

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Before human evolution, continents of North and South America were detached from the common landmass of Pangaea. About 240 million years ago, continental drift pushed the landmass apart, allowing oceans to surround land much like our current geography.

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Homo Sapiens

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Modern humans, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa at about 400,000 BP; early humans, Homo erectus, appeared in Africa about two million years ago. Homo sapiens migrated to Africa, Europe, and Asia, but the geographic separation from North and South America prevented migration there.

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Migration across Beringia

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Two factors made migration possible; first, people adapted to the frigid climate; second, the Wisconsin glaciation (25,000 BP to 14,000 BP) caused the sea level to drop so that people could cross the land bridge of Beringia between Siberia and Alaska.

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Paleo-Indians

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Archaeologists call the first migrants Paleo-Indians; they traveled to North America in small bands looking for wildlife to hunt; probably arrived after 15,000 BP.

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Abundance of Game

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The abundance of game animals made hunting easy; Paleo-Indians traveled along the eastern side of Canada's Rocky Mountains or traveled by boat along the Pacific Coast; they migrated to the tip of South America within one thousand years.

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Clovis Point

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Early Paleo-Indians used a spearhead called a Clovis point, named for the place in New Mexico where it was excavated; they hunted mammoths, bison, and smaller animals; shared common ancestry and way of life.

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Big-Game Extinction and Changes in Paleo-Indian Way of Life

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About 11,000 BP, large mammals became extinct, probably due to warming climates and perhaps overhunting; to compensate, Paleo-Indian hunters preyed on smaller animals and dedicated more energy to foraging—collecting bugs, berries, and fruits; changes produced great cultural diversity

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Folsom Points

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Some hunters began to focus on the Rocky Mountains in the Great Plains after the extinction of mammoths. Archaic Indians hunted with Folsom points, discovered by archaeologists in New Mexico between two ribs of a giant bison; hunters moved frequently with their prey and developed trapping techniques to kill large numbers of animals with spears.

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Advantage of Bows and ArrowsAdvantage of Bows and Arrows

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Bows and arrows reached hunters from the north around AD 500; largely replaced spears; hunters could shoot animals from farther away; weapons were easier to make and less costly to lose; Paleo-Indians did not have access to horses.

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Varying Zones of Habitation

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Great Basin Indians lived between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, an area of environmental diversity that featured hot deserts, rainy marshes, and cold, treeless mountains.

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Plants as a Primary Food Source

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Wide variety of animal life, but Great Basin peoples relied on plants as their most important food source; plants were easier to collect and store to prevent shortages caused by lack of rain; such adaptations allowed Great Basin peoples to maintain their hunter-gatherer lifestyle for centuries after Europeans arrived in AD 1492.

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What distinguishes the study of humans by archaeologists from the study of humans by historians? p. 3 (p. 5)

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Archaeologists study physical artifacts, historians study writings

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What kind of information do archaeologists use to understand ancient peoples? p. 3 (p. 5)

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study geological strata, pollen, and other environmental features to reconstruct what they can about the world of these ancient people; also study artifacts made by ancients peoples

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What is the connection between the "Wisconsin glaciation period" and the Beringia land bridge? p. 5 (p. 7-8)

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The glaciers formed during that period caused lower sea levels, which exposed the Beringia land bridge

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How long did it take Paleo-Indians to complete their expansion to the southern tip of South American after they first migrated to the Western Hemisphere? p. 5 (p. 10)

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Within a thousand years or so? No mention of "southern tip of South America"

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What do Paleo-Indian artifacts indicate about hunting practices for those people? p. 6-8 (p. 10)

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Nomadic hunters shared common ancestry and way of life. Paleo-Indians hunted mammoths and bison, but they probably also killed smaller animals.

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What archaeological find in Folsom, New Mexico, indicated that hunters and giant bison lived simultaneously? p. 8 (p. 10)

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A site that contained a large deposit of fossilized bones and a Folsom point that was still lodged between the ribs of a bison. Great plains hunters would stampede the bison off cliffs and then slaughter them while they were trapped O_o

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What does the term Archaic describe with regard to ancient peoples' lifestyles? p. 8 (p. 11)

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The term describes the era in the history of ancient America that followed the Paleo-Indian big-game hunters and preceded the development of agriculture.

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How did the culture of Woodland peoples change circa 4000 BP (before present era)? p. 10-11 (p. 15)

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Added two features to basic hunter-gatherer lifestyle: agriculture and pottery

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Why did southwestern Archaic peoples adopt agriculture? p. 11-13 (p. 16)

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reliance on animals and plants required archaic people to remain small and mobile, agriculture allowed them to build permanent settlements

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What commodity was necessary for southwestern peoples to know how to conserve? p. 11-13 (p. 16)

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Southwestern Indians became irrigation experts, conserving water from streams, springs, and rainfall and distributing it to thirsty crops

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Why do archaeologists believe mound builders were organized into chiefdoms? p. 14-16 (p. 19)

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Size of the mounds, labor and organization required to erect them, and differences in artifacts buried with certain individuals suggest existence of a social and political hierarchy

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What three groups represented the Eastern Woodland peoples at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492? p. 18-19 (p. 21-2)

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Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Muskogean

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What was the purpose of the League of Five Nations? p. 19 (p. 21-2)

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For the purposes of war and diplomacy, an Iroquoian confederation (including the Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawk, Oneida, and Cayuga tribes) formed the League.

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What socioeconomic class benefited from the Mexica tribute system of wealth redistribution? p. 23 (p. 25)

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the nobility

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Archaic Indians

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Early people who lived North America from 8,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.

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Clovis people

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10,000 years ago clovis migrated from todays siberia to what is now Alaska; the first actual people in the New world with tools and spears

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Adena people

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Mound-building people who lived in the Ohio River Valley

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George McJunkin

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He found ancient animal bones on a ranch in New Mexico.

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artifacts

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objects made and used by early humans

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archaeology

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study of artifacts and relics of early mankind

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Folsom points

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replaced the larger Clovis spearheads

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Pangaea

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the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents

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continental drift

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the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics)

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homo erectus

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extinct species of human beings - smaller brains

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homo sapiens

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current species of human beings - larger brains

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Wisconsin glaciation

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A global cold spell. Snow piled up in glaciers that did not melt, causing the sea level to drop by as much as 350 feet below its current level.

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Beringia

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land bridge that connected Asia and North America

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clovis points

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large spear points left by Paleo-Indians.

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pueblo

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a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

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kiva

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a round room used by the pueblo people for religious ceremonies

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burial mounds

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The hopewell indians who lived over a large area of the eastern andcentral U.S. in very early times built many of these

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chiefdoms

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burial mounds that were typically bigger with the chief being the central point of the mound

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Cahokia

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the leading site of the Mississippian culture that built a 100-foot high, flat topped earthen pyramid.

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League of Five Nations

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the largest Indian group in the eastern U.S.; Iroquois tribes

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Tenochtitlan

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Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco.

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Mexican Empire

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Aztecs- exemplified the central values of Mexican society

New History 1: The Paleo-Indians, Anasazi Communities, Major Crisis – Flashcards

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