Neurochemistry Practice – Flashcards
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Which of the following processes is dependent on sodium ions for activity? a. GABA-transaminase activity. b. Glutamine synthase. c. Dopamine synthesis from tyrosine. d. Norepinephrine reuptake transporter. e. All of the above.
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d. Norepinephrine reuptake transporter.
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Which of the following is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of a neurotransmitter? a. Tyrosine hydroxylase. b. Tryotophan hydroxylase. c. Choline acetyl transferase. d. Glutamine transport into the neuron. e. Both A and D are true.
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a. Tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Which of the following physiological responses is/are caused by mu opioid receptor activation? a. Dysphoria. b. Respiratory depression. c. Inhibition of the spinothalamic neuronal firing. d. Stimulation of neuronal transmission in the substantia gelatinosa. e. All of the above.
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b. Respiratory depression.
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Which of these neurochemical factors appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia? a. Too few NMDA glutamate receptors may contribute to the cognitive defects of schizophrenia. b. Too many serotonin 5HT-2A receptors in prefrontal cortex may be involved in the decreased dopamine activity found in mesocortical areas. c. Alterations in growth factor regulation may be the basis for a generalized loss of connections between neurons which may play a role in the neurotransmitter changes that occur in schizophrenics. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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e. All of the above are true.? I think only A is true
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Which of the following are considered negative symptoms of schizophrenia? a. Anhedonia. b. Avolition. c. Alogia. d. Only A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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e. All of the above are true.
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Which of the following statements are true about unipolar depression? a. There is an increase in the duration of REM sleep. b. There is a decrease in CREB and neuronal growth factors. c. Some patients can show moderate improvement of depression after eating certain foods or being sleep deprived. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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e. All of the above are true.
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Which of the following symptoms, interspersed between periods of depression, would indicate that a person might have bipolar depression? a. Psychomotor agitation. b. Suicidal thoughts. c. Insomnia. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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a. Psychomotor agitation.
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Which of these neurochemical factors appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression? a. A deficit of cortisol secretion. b. A deficit of thyroxine secretion. c. Alterations in presynaptic D-2 dopamine receptors that result in a deficit in serotonin and norepinephrine transmission. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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b. A deficit of thyroxine secretion.
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Which of the following might increase the abuse potential of cocaine? a. Drug or behavioral therapies that decrease the basal firing rate of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area. b. Drug or behavioral therapies that inhibit the cocaine-induced increase in dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens. c. Snorting it instead of smoking it. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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a. Drug or behavioral therapies that decrease the basal firing rate of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area.
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Which of the following could be the mechanism of action for dispositional tolerance to a drug? a. There is a decrease in the metabolism of the drug. b. There is a downregulation of receptors to which the drug binds. c. There is an increase in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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c. There is an increase in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys.
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Which of the following could be the mechanism of action for functional tolerance to a drug? a. There is a decrease in the metabolism of the drug. b. There is a downregulation of receptors to which the drug binds. c. There is an increase in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys. d. A and C are true. e. All of the above are true.
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b. There is a downregulation of receptors to which the drug binds.
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5-HT3 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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b. Directly open a cation channel
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D1 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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a. Activate Gs
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D2 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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e. Activate Gi
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Nicotinic a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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b. Directly open a cation channel
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5-HT1D a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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e. Activate Gi
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5-HT2A a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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d. Activate Gq
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NMDA a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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b. Directly open a cation channel
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M2 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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e. Activate Gi
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M1 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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d. Activate Gq
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Alpha-2 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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e. Activate Gi
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Alpha-1 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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d. Activate Gq
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Kappa opioid a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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e. Activate Gi
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Beta-2 a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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a. Activate Gs
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GABA-B a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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e. Activate Gi
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GABA-A a. Activate Gs b. Directly open a cation channel c. Directly open an anion channel d. Activate Gq e. Activate Gi
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c. Directly open an anion channel
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Inhibits prolactin release from the anterior pituitary gland. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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a. Dopamine
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Cell bodies project from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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a. Dopamine
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Cell bodies project from locus ceruleus to brain stem. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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b. Norepinephrine
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Cell bodies project from raphe nucleus to cortex. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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c. Serotonin
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Cell bodies project from basal nucleus to the cortex. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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e. Acetylcholine
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Cell bodies project from motor cortex to caudate and putamen. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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d. Glutamate
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The rate-limiting step for its synthesis is a Na-dependent transporter. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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e. Acetylcholine
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The rate-limiting step for its synthesis is the dietary levels of the precursor molecule. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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c. Serotonin
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Shares almost the same synthetic pathway as GABA. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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d. Glutamate
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The excitatory part of the reticular activating system. a. Dopamine b. Norepinephrine c. Serotonin d. Glutamate e. Acetylcholine
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b. Norepinephrine
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Sally lost her job last October after she reported her boss for sexually harassing her. Right after Christmas, she started having trouble sleeping due to recurring nightmares. Her husband has accused her of becoming emotionally numb. a. Obsessive compulsive disorder b. Migraine headache c. Narcolepsy d. Post-traumatic stress disorder e. Panic Disorder f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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d. Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Peter has trouble concentrating at work because he is constantly counting things in his head and worrying that he has left the stove on and his house is burning down. Many days, he has to go home during work hours to check this. a. Obsessive compulsive disorder b. Migraine headache c. Narcolepsy d. Post-traumatic stress disorder e. Panic Disorder f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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a. Obsessive compulsive disorder
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James has always had trouble getting to class on time, many days arriving without his notebook or laptop. He often finds that his exam grades could have been better if he had only proofread his answers before turning his work in. a. Obsessive compulsive disorder b. Migraine headache c. Narcolepsy d. Post-traumatic stress disorder e. Panic Disorder f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder
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For the last 6 months, Melanie has been having daily headaches and lots of tension in her neck and shoulders every day. She worries about her kids and how they will survive in a world with terrorists. Most afternoons, her worries get so bad, she starts trembling and sweating. a. Obsessive compulsive disorder b. Migraine headache c. Narcolepsy d. Post-traumatic stress disorder e. Panic Disorder f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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Wally doesn't think he has a problem with anxiety except for a few times this last year when he suddenly felt so anxious, he had to go into the nearest building and ask to sit quietly in the bathroom for 15 minutes until it passed. a. Obsessive compulsive disorder b. Migraine headache c. Narcolepsy d. Post-traumatic stress disorder e. Panic Disorder f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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e. Panic Disorder
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Jeff has trouble staying awake during the day even though he sleeps at least 8 hrs every night. Recently he fell asleep during two different meetings with his boss. a. Obsessive compulsive disorder b. Migraine headache c. Narcolepsy d. Post-traumatic stress disorder e. Panic Disorder f. Attention deficit/ Hyperactivity disorder g. Generalized anxiety disorder
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c. Narcolepsy
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can directly activate a cation channel? A. 5-HT3 B. D1 C. Nicotinic D. GABA-A E. Both A and C
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E. BothAandC
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can activate Gq? A. Alpha-2 B. M1 C. 5-HT1B D. Kappa opioid E. Both A and C
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B. M1
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can directly activate an anion channel? A. Nicotinic B. D2 C. 5-HT3 D. Alpha-1 E. None of choices A through D
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E. None of choices A through D
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can activate Gs? A. D5 B. M1 C. Beta-1 D. Mu opioid E. Both A and C
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E. Both A and C
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can activate Gi? A. D2 B. Alpha-2 C. GABA-B D. M2 E. All of choices A through D
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E. All of choices A through D
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Which of the following physiological responses is/are caused by mu opioid receptor activation? A. Respiratory depression B. Inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine neurons C. Nausea D. Stimulation of substance P release in the substantia gelatinosa E. Both A and C
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E. Both A and C
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE concerning norepinephrine? A. Cell bodies project from locus ceruleus to cortex. B. The rate-limiting step in its synthesis is the activity of the reuptake transporter C. The alpha-1 receptor serves as the norepinephrine autoreceptor. D. A significant portion of norepinephrine is removed from the synapse by glial cells. E. Both A and C are true.
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A. Cell bodies project from locus ceruleus to cortex.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE concerning GABA? A. There is a selective loss of GABA neurons in striatum of patients with Huntington's disease. B. Both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors can act as the GABA autoreceptor. C. Cell bodies project from caudate and putamen to substantia nigra. D. For every molecule of GABA that is metabolized, a precursor molecule of glutamate is made. E. Choices A through D all are true.
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E. Choices A through D all are true.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE concerning acetylcholine? A. Cell bodies project from hippocampus to the septum. B. Too little acetylcholine activity in caudate/putamen is associated with Parkinson's tremor. C. It is metabolized by choline acetyltransferase. D. The rate-limiting step in its synthesis is the activity of the reuptake transporter. E. Choices A through D all are true.
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D. The rate-limiting step in its synthesis is the activity of the reuptake transporter.
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Endocannabinoids decrease GABA release from presynaptic terminals because they: A. Stimulate potassium conductance via an interaction with Gq. B. Decrease calcium ion concentrations intracellularly via an interaction with Gi. C. Inhibit cyclic AMP formation via an interaction with Go. D. Are released from the post-synaptic cell to act at CB1 receptors on GABA axon terminals. E. Choices A through D all are true.
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D. Are released from the post-synaptic cell to act at CB1 receptors on GABA axon terminals.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE concerning dopamine? A. The D2 receptor subtype is one of the dopamine autoreceptors. B. Overactivity of this neurotransmitter is implicated in depression. C. Cell bodies project from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens. D. Shares almost the same synthetic pathway as serotonin. E. Both A and C are true.
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E. Both A and C are true.
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Which of the following pairings is/are CORRECT? A. Where the hippocampus is found - Frontal cortex B. Functions as the relay center of the brain - Thalamus C. Where Broca's area is found - Temporal cortex D. Contains the executive center of the brain - Parietal cortex E. Choices A through D all are correct.
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B. Functions as the relay center of the brain - Thalamus
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about NMDA-selective glutamate receptors? A. Agents that inactivate these receptors decrease memory formation. B. Overactivation of these receptors could cause loss of neurons due to excitotoxicity. C. Overactivation of these receptors may cause seizures. D. Drugs that inactivate these receptors may be useful therapeutic agents for decreasing brain damage in stroke patients. E. Choices A through D all are true.
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E. Choices A through D all are true.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE concerning serotonin? A. Cell bodies project from hippocampus to raphe nucleus. B. The rate-limiting step for its synthesis is the dietary levels of tryptophan. C. A significant portion of serotonin is metabolized by MAO-B. D. A deficit in serotonin transmission in prefrontal cortex is implicated in schizophrenia. E. Choices A through D all are true.
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B. The rate-limiting step for its synthesis is the dietary levels of tryptophan.
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Which of the following pairings of disease and pathophysiology is/are CORRECT? A. Migraine: alterations in 5HT-2C activity B. ADHD: NE excess C. Narcolepsy: hypocretin/orexin deficit D. OCD: cortisol excess E. All of choices A through D
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C. Narcolepsy: hypocretin/orexin deficit
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Which of the following statements is/are FALSE about schizophrenia? A. The lifetime risk appears similar for males and females. B. Most schizophrenics start to show symptoms of the disease during their late teens to early twenties. C. First degree relatives of schizophrenics have about a 10% risk of having the disease but a monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient has almost a 40% risk of having this disease. D. The worldwide incidence of schizophrenia is about 4%. F. Choices A through D all are false statements.
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D. The worldwide incidence of schizophrenia is about 4%.
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Oxycodone has the following effects which are decreased with repeated use: sedation, analgesia, euphoria, constipation and respiratory depression. Which of the following would you expect to occur during withdrawal from oxycodone? A. Hyperalgesia B. Insomnia C. Diarrhea D. Anhedonia E. Choices A through D all are true.
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E. Choices A through D all are true.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about unipolar depression? A. The lifetime risk is greater for females compared to males. B. An excess of cortisol secretion may play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. C. First degree relatives of people with depression have about a 2-fold increased risk of being diagnosed for depression during their lifetime than other people. D. There is evidence of excessive serotonin-2 receptors in brains of depressed patients. E. Both A and C are true F. Choices A through D all are true. G. None of choices A through D is true.
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F. Choices A through D all are true.
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Which of the following changes could account for pharmacodynamic tolerance to a drug? A. An upregulation of the enzymes that metabolize the drug B. A downregulation in the receptors activated by the drug C. A decrease in drug uptake across the blood brain barrier D. An increase in the second messenger systems that are activated by the drug E. Choices A through D all are true.
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B. A downregulation in the receptors activated by the drug
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Which of the following diseases occur more frequently in men than women? A. Panic disorder B. Cluster headaches C. GAD D. Migraine headaches E. All of choices A through D
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B. Cluster headaches
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Which of the following is/are TRUE concerning bipolar depression? A. There is a much stronger genetic link for bipolar depression compared to unipolar depression. B. More women than men suffer from bipolar depression. C. Periods of depression are interspersed with periods of inflated self-esteem, racing thoughts, impaired judgment, and/or psychomotor agitation. D. The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is known to include an excess of thyroid hormone. E. Both A and C are true.
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E. Both A and C are true.
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The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that: A. Mesolimbic dopamine activity is lower than normal. B. Mesocortical dopamine activity is higher than normal. C. Decreases in mesolimbic dopamine activity appear to be related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. D. Increases in mesocortical dopamine activity appear to be related to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia E. None of Choices A through D is true.
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E. None of Choices A through D is true.
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Choose the BEST answer. John has been very busy (studying for his PBD exams plus preparing for all the active learning exercises that have been assigned to his group) and has been forgetting to brush his teeth. To relieve some of his stress he decided to bake his much loved chocholate chip cookies. To his dismay, this batch of cookies did not smell as he had expected. This may be due to: A. Anosmia B. Hyposmia or hypesthesia C. Dysosmia D. Hyperosmia E. The stress of pharmacy school
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C. Dysosmia
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Select the BEST answer. An elderly gentleman comes into your Pharmacy and tells you that he has problems seeing objects that are far away; they appear blurry. A. You point him to the shelf that has eye drops and tell him to choose one and use it. B. You suggest to him that he should see an ophthalmologist, because he may need corrective lens. C. You suggest to him that he may have decreased refractive power, which explains why far away objects seem blurry. D. You suggest to him that he needs to see an ophthalmologist to have lens replacement surgery. E. All of choices A through D
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B. You suggest to him that he should see an ophthalmologist, because he may need corrective lens.
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Which of the statement(s) is/are TRUE? A. The ependyma lining of the ventricles have special cells called tanycytes that form tight junctions, thus preventing the entry of molecules from the blood supply of the circumventricular organs to the CSF. B. Special cells on arachnoid villi protect the CSF from blood in the dura venous sinuses. C. The tight junctions of the choroid plexus epithelial cells constitute one of the blood/CSF barriers. D. The tight junctions of the brain capillary endothelia cells constitute the BBB. E. All of choices A through D.
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E. All of choices A through D.
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Which of the following statements is/are FALSE regarding the olfactory system? (St. Petersburg) A. Olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory sensory neurons, sustentacular cells and basal stem cells. B. Single axons project from each neuron to the olfactory bulb. C. The vomeronasal organ is concerned with reproduction and ingestive behavior in olfactory epithelium of rodents and various other mammals. D. All odorant receptors are coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins. E. Odorants bind to specific odorant receptors on the cilia. F. Efferent neurons project to the accessory olfactory bulb and from there primarily to areas in the amygdala and all of the hypothalamus.
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F. Efferent neurons project to the accessory olfactory bulb and from there primarily to areas in the amygdala and all of the hypothalamus.
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Concerning G-protein coupled receptors, which statement(s) is/are FALSE? A. The metarhodopsin ll/transducin complex is responsible for activating phosphodiesterase and decreasing cGMP levels in the photoreceptors cells. B. The T2R /gustducin complex is responsible for decreased cAMP levels and increased inositol phosphate levels in taste cells. C. T1R3 act via the G protein gustducin and is responsible for the detection of bitter tastes. D. Activation of the odorant receptor results in activation of adenylate cyclase and production of cAMP, and opening of cation channels causing an inward-directed Ca2+ current. E. All of the above
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C. T1R3 act via the G protein gustducin and is responsible for the detection of bitter tastes.
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Choose the correct answer. CSF is produced in the ventricles at a rate of 400 -500 ml/day. However, the amount of CSF in the ventricles and arachnoid is only 100 -150 ml. What accounts for the differences in the amount produced on a given day and the amounts localized in the spaces? A. The production rate B. The turnover rate C. The exchange between the CSF and the brain interstitial fluid D. None of the above E. All of choices A through C
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B. The turnover rate
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Which statement (s) is/ are FALSE? (Jacksonville and Orlando) A. Efflux transporters like MRP4, MDR1 (P-gp) and OATP limit penetration of drugs and is a major disadvantage for drugs used to treat CNS diseases. B. Hyposmia or hypesthesia may be due to fractures of the cribriform plate, tumors, infections and aging. C. The order of sound transmission from beginning to end includes, sound waves; tympanic membrane vibrations; malleus, incus, stapes, oval window vibration; scala vestibuli, scala tympani, basilar membrane, tectoral membrane, hair cell vibrations. D. In hyperopia the eyeballs are too short and the refractive power is increased. E. Capillaries of the median eminence and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis contain fenestra and non-overlapping endothelial cells.
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D. In hyperopia the eyeballs are too short and the refractive power is increased.
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Which statement(s) is/are FALSE? (Jacksonville, St. Petersburg & Gainesville) A. The major waste product of cerebral metabolism CO2, O2, Lactate, H+ ions. B. The anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle, piriform cortex, scala vestibuli, amygdala and entorhinal cortex make up the olfactory pathway. C. The 3, 7, 9 & 10 cranial nerves are involved in taste perception. D. Abnormalities in taste may be due to damage to the lingual or glossopharyngeal nerve, side effects of various drugs and aging. E. CSF moves through the ventricles and enters the subarachnoid space via: the intraventricular foramina of Monro, the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, the foramina of Magendie and Luschka.
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E. CSF moves through the ventricles and enters the subarachnoid space via: the intraventricular foramina of Monro, the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, the foramina of Magendie and Luschka.
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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about the ear? (Jacksonville) A. Low frequency resonance occurs at the helicotrema and high frequency resonance occurs near the oval window. B. Conductive deafness is not caused by impaired sound transmission in the inner ear. C. Inner hair cells are responsible for the increasing in sound and amplitude. D. The order of the bones in the inner ear from outer to inner are the malleus, incus, and stape. E. A function of the tympanic membrane is to prevent strong sound waves from causing excessive stimulation of auditory receptors. F. Perilymph is present in both the scala vestibuli and scala media. G. A,B,D and E are true.
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G. A,B,D and E are true.
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Concerning the retina, which statement(s) is/are TRUE? (Gainesville and St. Petersburg) A. The Muller cells, rods and cones, ganglion cells, and pigment epithelium make up the neuronal retina. B. Retinitis pigmentosa and Dry AMD involve degeneration of the photoreceptors. C. In the signal transduction cascade, cGMP is converted to GMP by phosphodiesterase, which allows for the closure of sodium channels. D. In response to light, lowered calcium concentration activates guanylate-cyclase-activating protein, leading to inhibition of guanylate cyclase (GC) and resynthesis of cGMP. E. B and C
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E. B and C
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Concerning pathology of the meninges and ventricles, which statement(s) is/are FALSE? (Orlando, Jacksonville and Gainesville) A. In bacterial meningitis, the three most common bacterial invaders are Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumonia. B. Hydrocephalus is caused by over secretion of CSF by the choroid plexuses, impaired absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi and obstruction of CSF flow. C. Shunting of CSF is the only know treatment for hydrocephalus. D. Meningitis is inflammation of the meningeal layers and the dura and arachnoid layers most often affected. E. The BBB is compromised in Bacterial meningitis.
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D. Meningitis is inflammation of the meningeal layers and the dura and arachnoid layers most often affected.
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Which statement(s) is/are TRUE? (Jacksonville, Orlando and Gainesville) A. In accommodation, relaxation of the ciliary muscle results in the relaxation of lens ligaments and increased refractive power. B. In myopia the eye ball is too long and images focus on a point beyond the retina. C. Many of the drugs used to treat glaucoma target the secretion of aqueous humor D. Diabetic retinopathy is a disease involving the retinal vasculature. E. C and D
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E. C and D
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can activate Gq? A. alpha-2 B. M2 C. 5-HT1B D. kappaopioid E. 5HT2-A
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E. 5HT2-A
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can activate Gs? A. D2 B. alpha-2 C. GABA-B D. M2 E. Beta-2
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E. Beta-2
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes can activate Gi? A. D5 B. M1 C. Beta-1 D. muopioid E. Alpha-1
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D. muopioid
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes directly activate a cation channel? A. GABA-A B. D2 C. 5-HT3 D. Alpha-1 E. m-GLU
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C. 5-HT3
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Which of the following neurotransmitter receptor subtypes directly activate an anion channel? A. 5-HT3 B. D1 C. Nicotinic D. NMDA E. GABA-A
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E. GABA-A
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Which of the following processes is dependent on calcium ions for activity? A. GABA-transaminase activity B. Endocannabinoid release C. Norepinephrine reuptake transporter D. Glutamine synthase E. Serotonin release from presynaptic terminals
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E. Serotonin release from presynaptic terminals
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Which of the following is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of a neurotransmitter? A. Tryptophan hydroxylase B. Choline transport into the neuron C. Dopamine betahydroxylase D. Choline acetyl transferase E. Glutamine synthase
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B. Choline transport into the neuron
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Which of the following statements is true about the neurotransmitter GABA? A. The rate limiting step in GABA synthesis is the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase. B. Removal from the synapse occurs completely via a neuronal transporter. C. GABA containing neurons are only presenting a few specific neuronal pathways. D. All subtypes of GABA receptors are ligand-gated ionophores. E. Cell bodies project from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen.
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A. The rate limiting step in GABA synthesis is the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase.
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Which of the following statements is/are true concerning dopamine? A. The D5 receptor subtype is one of the dopamine autoreceptors. B. Overactivity of this neurotransmitter is implicated in depression. C. Cell bodies project from ventral tegmental area to hippocampus. D. Shares almost the same synthetic pathway as norepinephrine. E. There is a selective loss of dopamine neurons in persons with Huntington's chorea.
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D. Shares almost the same synthetic pathway as norepinephrine.
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Which of the following statements is/are true concerning norepinephrine? A. Cell bodies project from cortex to locus ceruleus. B. The rate-limiting step in its synthesis is the activity of dopamine beta hydroxylase C. The alpha2 receptor serves as the norepinephrine autoreceptor. D. A significant portion of norepinephrine is removed from the synapse by glial cells. E. Beta receptors are excitatory while alpha-2 receptors are inhibitory.
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C. The alpha2 receptor serves as the norepinephrine autoreceptor.
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Which of the following statements is true concerning serotonin? A. Cell bodies project from raphe nucleus to hippocampus. B. The rate-limiting step for its synthesis is tryptophan hydroxylase. C. A significant portion of serotonin is metabolized by MAO-B D. A deficit in serotonin transmission in prefrontal cortex is implicated in schizophrenia. E. A decrease in serotonin transmission can increase opiate-induced analgesia.
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A. Cell bodies project from raphe nucleus to hippocampus.
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Which of the following statements is true concerning acetylcholine? A. Cell bodies project from hippocampus to the septum. B. Too little acetylcholine in caudate/putamen is associated with Parkinson's tremor. C. It is metabolized by acetylcholinesterase. D. The rate-limiting step in its synthesis is the activity of cholineacetyltransferase E. Hyperactivity of cholinergic neurons is implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
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C. It is metabolized by acetylcholinesterase.
question
Which of the following statements is true about glutamate? A. Agents that activate NMDA receptors decrease memory formation. B. Overactivation of glutamate receptors could cause loss of neurons due to excitotoxicity. C. Too little glutamatergic tone is often a stimulus for seizure activity. D. Metabotrobic glutamate receptors are coupled solely through Gq. E. The glutamatergic projection from cortex to striatum mediates pain sensitivity.
answer
B. Overactivation of glutamate receptors could cause loss of neurons due to excitotoxicity.
question
Endocannabinoids decrease GABA release from presynaptic terminals because they: A. Stimulate calcium conductance via an interaction with Gq. B. Inhibit potassium channel openings via an interaction with Gi C. Inhibit cyclic AMP formation via an interaction with Gi. D. Are released from near by glial cells to act at CB1 receptors on GABA axon terminals E. All of the above are true.
answer
C. Inhibit cyclic AMP formation via an interaction with Gi.
question
Which of the following physiological responses is caused by kappa opioid receptor activation? A. Respiratory depression B. Stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine neurons. C. Nausea D. Inhibition of substance P release in the substantia gelatinosa. E. Inhibition of neuronal firing of the spinothalamic tract
answer
E. Inhibition of neuronal firing of the spinothalamic tract
question
Which of these neurochemical factors appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia? A. Mesolimbic dopamine activity is lower than normal. B. Mesocortical dopamine activity is higher than normal. C. Stimulation in growth factor regulation may be the basis for a generalized over connection between neurons D. Too few serotonin 5HT-2A receptors in prefrontal cortex may be involved in the increased dopamine activity found in mesocortical areas. E. Too few NMDA glutamate receptors may contribute to the cognitive defects of schizophrenia
answer
E. Too few NMDA glutamate receptors may contribute to the cognitive defects of schizophrenia
question
Which of the following statements is/are true about schizophrenia? A. The lifetime risk appears similar for males and females. B. Most schizophrenics start to show symptoms of the disease during their late 30's to early 40's. C. First degree relatives of schizophrenics have about the same risk of having the disease as a monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient D. The worldwide incidence of schizophrenia is about 4% E. All of the above are true.
answer
A. The lifetime risk appears similar for males and females.
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE about unipolar depression? A. The lifetime risk is greater for females. B. An excess of cortisol secretion may play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. C.First degree relatives of people with depression have about a 2-fold increased risk of being diagnosed for depression during their lifetime than other people. D. There is evidence of excessive serotonin-2 receptors in brains of depressed patients. E. There is an increase in CREB and neuronal growth factors in depressed patients.
answer
E. There is an increase in CREB and neuronal growth factors in depressed patients.
question
Which of the following is/are true concerning bipolar depression? A. There is a much weaker genetic link for bipolar depression compared to unipolar depression. B. More women than men suffer from bipolar depression. C. Periods of depression are interspersed with periods of inflated self-esteem, racing thoughts, impaired judgment, and/or psychomotor agitation D. The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is known to include an excess of cortisol hormone E. All of the above are true.
answer
C. Periods of depression are interspersed with periods of inflated self-esteem, racing thoughts, impaired judgment, and/or psychomotor agitation
question
Which of the following could be the mechanism of action for dispositional tolerance to a drug? A. There is an increase in the metabolism of the drug. B. There is a downregulation of receptors that are activated by the drug. C. There is a decrease in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys. D. There is an increase in absorption of the drug from the GI tract. E. There is an upregulation of receptors that are activated by the drug.
answer
A. There is an increase in the metabolism of the drug.
question
Which of the following could be the mechanism of action for functional tolerance to a drug? A. There is an increase in the metabolism of the drug. B. There is a downregulation of receptors that are activated by the drug C. There is a decrease in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys. D. There is an increase in absorption of the drug from the GI tract E. There is an upregulation of receptors that are activated by the drug
answer
B. There is a downregulation of receptors that are activated by the drug
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding the olfactory system? A. The olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory sensory neurons, sustentacular cells and basal stem cells. B. Information from different types of odorant receptors is integrated by each olfactory glomerulus. C. Activation of the odorant receptor results in inhibition of adenylate cyclase and a decrease in production of cAMP. D. Adaptation to continuous olfactory stimuli is due to a desensitization of adenylate cyclase to odorant receptor actions. E. There are five basic types of odorant receptors on the cilia.
answer
A. The olfactory epithelium consists of olfactory sensory neurons, sustentacular cells and basal stem cells.
question
Which of the following statements is/are true about the ear? A. Hair cells are most sensitive to low frequency resonance at the helicotrema and most sensitive to high frequency resonance near the oval window. B. Otitis external is an example of conduction deafness while otitis media is an example of sensorineural deafness. C. Inner hair cells are responsible for fine tuning the response of the cochlea to specific amplitudes of sound. D. Sensor in neural deafness that occurs with aging usually begins with a loss of low frequency hearing first. E. Tinnitus is most commonly a sign of more serious hearing disorders.
answer
A. Hair cells are most sensitive to low frequency resonance at the helicotrema and most sensitive to high frequency resonance near the oval window.
question
Which is the correct matching of taste sensation to taste receptor? A. salty = gustducin B. sweet = epithelial sodium channels C. sour= T2Rfamilyofreceptors D. bitter= T1R family of receptors E. umami = mGLU receptors
answer
E. umami = mGLU receptors
question
An elderly gentleman comes into your Pharmacy and tells you that he has noticed over the past year that he has problems reading small print. Select the BEST course of action. a. You point him to the shelf that has eye drops and tell him to choose one and use it. b. You suggest to him that he should see an ophthalmologist, because he appears to have hyperopia. c. You suggest to him that he may have presbyopia and show him the reading glasses and how to try them out. d. You suggest to him that he needs to see an ophthalmologist because he appears to have macular degeneration. e. You tell him not to worry about it and that it is just a part of the normal aging process.
answer
c. You suggest to him that he may have presbyopia and show him the reading glasses and how to try them out.
question
F. Concerning the retina, which statement(s) is/are true? a. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy involves neovascularization of the retina. b. Retinitis pigmentosa involves degeneration of the photoreceptors. c. Wet AMD involves neovascularization of parts of the retina. d. Increases in intraocular pressure can cause axonal loss in ganglion cells of the retina. e. All of the above are true.
answer
e. All of the above are true.
question
Which of the following contribute to keratoconjunctivitis sicca? A. T oo little blinking B. Too low air humidity C. Too much tear evaporation D. Insufficient meibomian gland activity E. All of the above are true
answer
E. All of the above are true
question
Prolonged Vitamin A deficiency results in which of the following pathophysiological conditions? A. Retinitis pigmentosa B. Selective degeneration of cone cells C. Selective degeneration of rod cells D. Degeneration of both rod and cone cells E. Loss of blue-green color vision
answer
D. Degeneration of both rod and cone cells
question
Which of the following pathological conditions may contribute to a leaky blood brain barrier? a. Orthostatic hypotension b. Intravenous injection of hypotonic fluids c. Cerebral neoplasm d. Blockage of the Foramen of Monro e. High dose ethanol intoxication
answer
c. Cerebral neoplasm
question
Which of the following is an example of a communicating hydrocephalus? a. Decreased absorption of cerebrospinal fluid by the arachnoid villi b. Occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius c. Large tumor in the third ventricle d. Obstruction of the Foramen of Monro e. Decreased production of cerebral spinal fluid by the choroid plexus
answer
a. Decreased absorption of cerebrospinal fluid by the arachnoid villi
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding meningitis? a. Viral meningitis has a much poorer prognosis than bacterial meningitis b. The dura mater is more often affected than the pial and arachnoid layers c. Treatment of bacterial meningitis often worsens the symptoms. d. Viral meningitis results in sensorineural hearing loss in a large proportion of survivors. e. Purely symptomatic treatment is the usual course for patients with bacterial meningitis.
answer
c. Treatment of bacterial meningitis often worsens the symptoms.
question
Which of the following statements are true about schizophrenia? A. The lifetime risk is greater for males compared to females. B. Most schizophrenics start to show symptoms of the disease during their late twenties. C. First degree relatives of schizophrenics have about a 10% risk of having the disease but a monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient has almost a 40% risk of having this disease. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
C. First degree relatives of schizophrenics have about a 10% risk of having the disease but a monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient has almost a 40% risk of having this disease.
question
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that: A. Mesocortical dopamine activity is higher than normal. B. Mesolimbic dopamine activity is lower than normal. C. Alterations in mesocortical dopamine activity appear to be related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
C. Alterations in mesocortical dopamine activity appear to be related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
question
Which of the following are considered negative symptoms of schizophrenia? A. Anhedonia. B. Hallucinations. C. Alogia. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
D. A and C are true.
question
Which of the following pairings is/are true about the symptoms and subtypes of unipolar depression? A. Atypical - hypersomnia, overeating. B. Melancholic - insomnia, anorexia. C. Dysthymia - milder symptoms that last 2 years or more. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
E. All of the above are true.
question
Which of the following increase your risk of developing major depression? A. Recently having a baby. B. Being a married man. C. Being a woman married to a man. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
D. A and C are true.
question
Which of these neurochemical factors are hypothesized to be the pathophysiological cause of bipolar depression? A. A deficit of serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission. C. First degree relatives of schizophrenics have about a 10% risk of having the disease but a monozygotic twin of a schizophrenic patient has almost a 40% risk of having this disease. C. Alterations in mesocortical dopamine activity appear to be related to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. B. A deficit of thyroxine secretion. C. Hypersecretion of cortisol. D. All of the above are true. E. None of the above is true.
answer
E. None of the above is true.
question
Which of the following might increase the abuse potential of a cocaine? A. Drug or behavioral therapies that increase the basal firing rate of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area. B. Drug or behavioral therapies that decrease the cocaine-induced increase in firing rate of dopamine cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area. C. Smoking it instead of snorting it. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
C. Smoking it instead of snorting it.
question
Which of the following could be the mechanism of action for dispositional tolerance to a drug? A. There are lower levels of drug at the site of action due to a change in the distribution of the drug away from the site of action. B. There is a downregulation of receptors to which the drug binds. C. There is an increase in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
D. A and C are true.
question
Which of the following could be the mechanism of action for functional tolerance to a drug? A. A compensatory physiological response to the drug develops that is opposite to the initial actions of the drug. B. There is a decrease in the activity of hepatic enzymes that metabolize the drug. C. There is a decrease in the excretion rate of the drug via the kidneys. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
A. A compensatory physiological response to the drug develops that is opposite to the initial actions of the drug.
question
Which of the following people would be correctly diagnosed as having Post- traumatic stress disorder? A. Meg doesn't think she has a problem with anxiety except for a few times this last year when she suddenly felt so anxious, she had to go into the nearest building and ask to sit quietly in the bathroom for 15 minutes until it passed. B. Melanie lost her job last October after she reported her boss for sexually harassing her. Right after Christmas, she started having trouble sleeping due to recurring nightmares. Her husband has accused her of becoming emotionally numb. C. For the last 6 months, Janet has been having daily headaches and lots of tension in her neck and shoulders every day. She worries about her kids and how they will survive in a world with terrorists. Most afternoons, her worries get so bad, she starts trembling and sweating. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
B. Melanie lost her job last October after she reported her boss for sexually harassing her. Right after Christmas, she started having trouble sleeping due to recurring nightmares. Her husband has accused her of becoming emotionally numb.
question
Which of the following are symptoms of migraine headaches? A. Aura preceding the headache. B. Occurs at predictable times of the day. C. Localized pain to one side of the head. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
A. Aura preceding the headache.
question
Which of the following are true about Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? A. It affects 3 to 5 percent of all children (about 2 million American children). B. Two to three times more boys than girls are affected. C. Nicotine or alcohol use during pregnancy increases the incidence of ADHD. D. A and C are true. E. All of the above are true.
answer
E. All of the above are true.
question
Massive degeneration of which of the following pathway(s) is (are) NOT directly responsible for the development of movement disorders in Parkinson's disease? A. Mesolimbic DA pathway. B. Tuberoinfundibular DA pathway. C. Mesocortical DA pathway. D. DA pathway between ventral tagmental area and nucleus accumbens region. E. All of the above.
answer
E. All of the above.
question
In describing the post synaptic effect of neurotransmitters in the brain, one can make the following statement: A. GABA is inhibitory while dopamine is stimulatory. B. Both GABA and dopamine are always inhibitory. C. Both glutamine and dopamine are always stimulatory. D. Dopamine can be inhibitory and stimulatory, depending on the circumstances. E. None of the above.
answer
D. Dopamine can be inhibitory and stimulatory, depending on the circumstances.
question
In the basal gangalial loop that regulates movement, a massive destruction of the dopamineproducing neurons in the substantia nigra leads to: A. Reduced stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors on GABAergic neurons that go from striatum to GPe, hence reduced release of GABA from those neurons. B. No change in the output signal (GABA) from neurons between GPi to thalamus because of the "balanced" effect on both direct and indirect pathways. C. Reduced inhibition of dopamine D1 receptors on GABAergic neurons that go from striatum to GPi hence increased release of GABA from those neurons. D. Reduced release of GABA from the direct pathway and increased release of glutamate from the indirect pathway, leading to elevated release of GABA from neurons that go between GPi and thalamus. E. Reduced inhibition of dopamine D1 receptors on GABAergic neurons in the direct pathways and reduced inhibition on the D2 receptors on the first GABA neurons in the indirect pathway, leading to reduced release of GABA from neurons that go between GPi and thalamus.
answer
D. Reduced release of GABA from the direct pathway and increased release of glutamate from the indirect pathway, leading to elevated release of GABA from neurons that go between GPi and thalamus.
question
A gene therapy experiment in a monkey that aimed to target striatal dopamine receptors went wrong in that somehow the procedure not only wiped out the GABA neurons from striatum to GPi (direct pathway) and but also replaced the D2 receptors with D1 receptors on the GABA neurons between striatum and GPe (indirect pathway). Assuming everything else in the basal ganglia circuitry is intact, which of the following would you expect to occur? A. GABA output into thalamus is increased and the monkey now has chorea. B. GABA output into thalamus is decreased and the monkey now has chorea. C. GABA output into thalamus is normal and the monkey has no movement abnormalities. D. GABA output into thalamus is increased and the monkey now has bradykinesia. E. GABA output into thalamus is decreased and the monkey now has bradykinesia.
answer
D. GABA output into thalamus is increased and the monkey now has bradykinesia.
question
Which of the following processes is dependent on calcium ions for activity? A. Vesicular fusion with the cell membrane. B. Dopamine synthesis from tyrosine. C. Norepinephrine reuptake transporter. D. Glutamine synthase. E. All of the above.
answer
A. Vesicular fusion with the cell membrane.
question
Which of the following is a rate-limiting step in the synthesis of a neurotransmitter? A. Tryptophan hydroxylase. B. Tyrosine hydroxylase. C. Choline acetyl transferase. D. Glutaminase. E. Both B and D are true.
answer
E. Both B and D are true.
question
Which of the following physiological responses is/are caused by kappa opioid receptor activation? A. Dysphoria. B. Respiratory depression. C. Nausea. D. Stimulation of neuronal transmission in the substantia gelatinosa. E. All of the above.
answer
A. Dysphoria.
question
Which of the following statements is true about the neurotransmitter GABA? A. The rate-limiting step in GABA synthesis is the activity of GABA-transaminase. B. Removal from the synapse occurs completely via a glial transporter. C. GABA containing neurons are only present in a few specific neuronal pathways. D. All subtypes of GABA receptors are G-protein coupled. E. Excessive GABA release can inhibit seizures.
answer
E. Excessive GABA release can inhibit seizures.
question
Which of the following second messenger systems can affect intracellular calcium levels within a couple of nanoseconds? A. Go. B. Ligand-gated ionophores. C. Gs. D. Gq. E. All of the above.
answer
B. Ligand-gated ionophores.
question
Primary motor processing area. A. Parietal cortex B. Occipital cortex C. Thalamus D. Frontal cortex E. Temporal cortex
answer
D. Frontal cortex
question
Primary auditory processing area. A. Parietal cortex B. Occipital cortex C. Thalamus D. Frontal cortex E. Temporal cortex
answer
E. Temporal cortex
question
Primary sensory processing area. A. Parietal cortex B. Occipital cortex C. Thalamus D. Frontal cortex E. Temporal cortex
answer
A. Parietal cortex
question
Primary visual processing area. A. Parietal cortex B. Occipital cortex C. Thalamus D. Frontal cortex E. Temporal cortex
answer
B. Occipital cortex
question
Functions as the relay center of the brain. A. Parietal cortex B. Occipital cortex C. Thalamus D. Frontal cortex E. Temporal cortex
answer
C. Thalamus
question
Contains the executive center of the brain. A. Parietal cortex B. Occipital cortex C. Thalamus D. Frontal cortex E. Temporal cortex
answer
D. Frontal cortex
question
There is a selective loss of these neurons in patients with Huntington's disease. A. Serotonin B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. GABA E. Dopamine
answer
D. GABA
question
Cell bodies project from caudate and putamen to substantia nigra. A. Serotonin B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. GABA E. Dopamine
answer
D. GABA
question
Shares almost the same synthetic pathway as glutamate. A. Serotonin B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. GABA E. Dopamine
answer
D. GABA
question
Which of the statement (s) is FALSE. A. The BBB is formed primarily from astrocytes' end feet overlapping the capillaries. B. L-DOPA is broken down by amino acid decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase in the capillary endothelial cells; therefore treatment for Parkinson's disease includes L-DOPA and an inhibitor for amino acid decarboxlyase. C. Substances that are not lipid soluble utilize specialized transporters to cross the BBB. D. ASC system is an energy-dependent and Na+-dependent system that transports alanine, serine and cysteine.
answer
A. The BBB is formed primarily from astrocytes' end feet overlapping the capillaries.
question
Which of the statement (s) is TRUE. A. The ependyma lining of the ventricles have special cells called tanycytes that form tight junctions, thus preventing the entry of molecules from the blood supply of the circumventricular organs to the CSF. B. Special cells on arachnoid villi protect the CSF from blood in the dura venous sinuses C. The tight junctions of the choroid plexus epithelial cells constitute one of the blood/CSF barriers. D. All of the above E. None of the above.
answer
D. All of the above
question
Which of the statement (s) is TRUE. A. Impaired taste sensations could be caused if the chorda tympani nerve or the glossopharyngeal nerve are damaged. B. The amygdala is the region of the brain that processes the emotional response to smell. C. The auditory cortex discriminates different sound pitches and patterns of sound. D. The visual cortex is that area in the brain that provides for visual sensation and perception. E. All of the above.
answer
E. All of the above.
question
Choose the correct answer: CSF is produced in the ventricles at a rate of 400 -500 ml/day. However, the amount of CSF in the ventricles and arachnoid is only 100 -150 ml. What accounts for the differences in the amount produced on a given day and the amounts localized in the spaces? A. The production rate B. The turnover rate C. A & B D. The exchange between the CSF and the brain interstitial fluid
answer
B. The turnover rate
question
Concerning aqueous humor, which statement (s) is False: A. Aqueous humor is produced by Na,K-ATPase, ion carriers and co-transporters located on the ciliary process epithelium. B. The aqueous humor exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. C. Improper regulation of aqueous humor may cause high intraocular pressure that is a risk factor for glaucoma. D. A and B E. None of the above
answer
E. None of the above
question
Which of the following statement (s) is False: A. Tears wet and protect the cornea and conjunctiva. B. The choroid and the sclera comprise the outer layer of the eye. C. The transparent portions of the eye are the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous and retina. D. Accommodation is the ability of the lens to increase its refractive power.
answer
B. The choroid and the sclera comprise the outer layer of the eye.
question
Concerning pathology of the meninges and ventricles which statement (s) is FALSE A. In bacterial meningitis the three most common bacterial invaders are; Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumonia. B. Hydrocephalus is caused by: over secretion of CSF by the choroid plexuses, impaired absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi and obstruction of CSF flow. C. Shunting of CSF is the only know treatment for hydrocephalus. D. Meningitis is inflammation of the meningeal layers and the dura and arachnoid layers are most often affected. E. The BBB is compromised in Bacterial meningitis.
answer
D. Meningitis is inflammation of the meningeal layers and the dura and arachnoid layers are most often affected.
question
Concerning G-protein coupled receptors, which statement (s) is FALSE: A. The metarhodopsin ll/transducin complex is responsible for activating phosphodiesterase and decreasing cGMP levels in the photoreceptors cells. B. The T2R /gustducin complex is responsible for decreased cAMP levels and increased inositol phosphate levels in taste cells. C. All the odorant receptors are coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins. D. T1R3 act via the G protein gustducin and is responsible for the detection of bitter tastes. E. All of the above
answer
D. T1R3 act via the G protein gustducin and is responsible for the detection of bitter tastes.
question
Select the retinal defect (s) that involves degeneration of the photoreceptors: A. Retinitis Pigmentosa B. Glaucoma C. Diabetic Retinopathy D. Dry AMD E. A & D
answer
E. A & D
question
Select the BEST answer: An elderly gentleman comes into your Pharmacy and tells you that he has problems seeing objects that are far away; they appear blurry. A. You point him to the shelf that has eye drops and tell him to choose one and use it. B. You suggest to him that he should see an ophthalmologist, because he may need corrective lens. C. You suggest to him that he may have decreased refractive power, which explains why far away objects seem blurry. D. You suggest to him that he needs to see an ophthalmologist to have cornea replacement surgery. E. B & C
answer
B. You suggest to him that he should see an ophthalmologist, because he may need corrective lens.
