NBDE First Aid Side Notes- Micro/Path – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is a rapidly occurring cellulitis involving the submandibular, sublingual, and submental fascial spaces, possibly causing airway obstruction?
answer
Ludwig's angina
question
Sepsis is most commonly caused by which 2 bacteria?
answer
S. aureus and E. coli
question
Which bacteria is used for spore testing?
answer
Bacillus stearothermophilus
question
What bacteria is used to determine disinfectant effectiveness?
answer
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
question
What is a cross-linked polysaccharide consisting of alternating N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues?
answer
Peptidoglycan
question
How do bacteria reproduce?
answer
Binary fission
question
What are the 4 natural transforming bacteria?
answer
Streptococcus sp., Haemophilus sp., N. gonorrhoeae, and H. pylori
question
Mycobacteria cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, but contain _______.
answer
Mycolic acid
question
What are the classifications of streptococcus hemolysis?
answer
A: Almost (Incomplete) B: Best (Complete) G: Garbage (None)
question
What bacteria cause pink eye?
answer
Haemophilus aegyptius (Koch-Weeks bacillus)
question
Most antibacterial activity occurs during which phase of bacterial growth?
answer
Log phase
question
Should you give bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic drugs together?
answer
No, they antagonize each other
question
What is the cytopathic effect?
answer
The host cellular morphologic and functional changes associated with viral replication and release
question
What are the 2 envelope glycoproteins in influenza viruses that exhibit the majority of antigenic changes?
answer
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
question
Which 3 viruses are enteroviruses?
answer
Poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, Hep A
question
What are rodent-borne viruses called?
answer
Roboviruses
question
Describe HIV.
answer
dsRNA, reverse transcriptase, gp120 (mediates attachment to CD4+) and gp41 (mediates attachment to host cell)
question
What is a potentially deadly disease in children that is associated with the use of aspirin to treat influenza or varicella?
answer
Reye's syndrome
question
What is the most common reason for liver transplantation in the US?
answer
Hep C
question
What is often added to vaccines to slow their absorption and increase their effectiveness?
answer
Adjuvants
question
What are hepatocarcinogenic toxins produced by Aspergillus flavus that are generally found in contaminated grains and peanuts?
answer
Aflatoxins
question
Most antifungal drugs target which component of fungal cell mebranes, altering their permeability?
answer
Ergesterol
question
Parasitic infections generally exhibit what kind of host immune response?
answer
IgE mediated (Type IV)
question
Does calculus directly irritate the gingiva?
answer
No, provides a place for plaque accumulation
question
What is the most effective antiplaque mouthrinse due to its substantivity?
answer
Chlorohexidine
question
Which bacteria cause all types of caries in the mouth?
answer
Streptococcus sp.
question
Which bacteria cause specifically pit and fissure caries?
answer
Lactobacillus sp.
question
Which bacteria cause specifically root caries?
answer
Actinomyces sp.
question
Which bacteria is increased in pregnancy?
answer
P. intermedia
question
Which 3 organs are very vulnerable to hypoxia?
answer
Heart, brain, lungs
question
What 3 drugs cause gingival overgrowth?
answer
Phenytoin (Dilantin, Ca2+ channel blockers (nifedipine), Cyclosporin
question
What kind of calcification can be seen around intrathoracic lymph nodes and is associated with silicosis?
answer
Eggshell calcification
question
What is calcification in or under the skin that is associated with scleroderma and dermatomyositis?
answer
Calcinosis
question
What is the most common form of necrosis?
answer
Coagulative necrosis
question
Which cells cannot regenerate?
answer
Neurons, alveolar, cardiac, skeletal, and smooth
question
What is contact inhibition during epithelialization?
answer
When free edges of the wound epithelium migrate toward each other until they meet, signaling a stop in lateral growth
question
What is an uncommon site for infarction, due to its regenerative capacity?
answer
Liver
question
What is killed M. tuberculosis suspended in lanolin and mineral oil that is commonly used for research?
answer
Freund's adjuvant
question
Class I MHC surface proteins are present in ___ ____ _____. Class II MHC surface proteins are present in _____ ____.
answer
All nucleated cells; only APCs
question
What are the 2 ways that CD8+ lymphocytes act?
answer
Release perforins or induce apoptosis
question
What is the process by which an Ag binds to a specific TCR or IG, activating that immune cell to clonally expand into cells of the same specificity?
answer
Clonal selection
question
How do IgG antibodies enhance NK cells effectiveness?
answer
Via antibody-dependent cellular toxicity
question
What immune system includes all the phagocytic cells except for granulocytes?
answer
Reticuloendothelial system
question
What are the major dendritic cells of the gingival epithelium?
answer
Langerhans cells
question
What are the 2 major opsonins?
answer
IgG and C3b
question
How are bacteria (like Staph sp) able to resist the cidal effects of peroxide?
answer
They contain catalase
question
Which 2 immunoglobins are the only ones that can activate complement?
answer
IgG and IgM
question
Which cells elicit most of the destruction in graft rejection?
answer
CD8 T cells
question
What are the most common types of hyperacute rejection?
answer
ABO blood mismatches
question
What are clinical examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
answer
Asthma, edema, erythema, urticaria, anaphylaxis
question
How do you treat anaphylaxis?
answer
Epinephrine, then corticosteroids or antihistamines once stable
question
What is the mechanism for teratogens?
answer
Inhibit, interfere, or block metabolic steps critical for normal morphogenesis
question
What are 3 three factors of teratogen susceptibility?
answer
Variability, specific for each developmental stage, dose dependent
question
What is most common chromosomal disorder?
answer
Down syndrome (then Edward's, then Patau's)
question
Lysosomal storage diseases are most common in people of which ancestry?
answer
Eastern Europe
question
What are the causes and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
answer
Problems with Cl- transporter; bronchiectasis, meconium ileus
question
Which skin infection has intraepidermal bullae, and is therefore more severe?
answer
Pemphigus vulgaris
question
Which skin infection has subepidermal bullae, and is therefore less severe?
answer
Bullous pemphigoid
question
Right sided heart failure results in _____ edema, but left sided heart failure results in _____ edema.
answer
Peripheral; pulmonary
question
What is the major factor in all types of shock?
answer
Decreased CO
question
What is Virchow's triad?
answer
Endothelial injury, alteration in blood flow, hypercoagulability of blood
question
What does a pulmonary embolism usually arise from?
answer
Deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities
question
What is the large pulmonary embolus that obstructs the birfurcation of the pulmonary artery?
answer
Saddle embolus
question
What is an embolus that begins in the venous system, but ends up in the systemic arterial system, because of an atrial septal defect. This is the only time a deep vein thrombosis can cause a stroke.
answer
Paradoxical emboli
question
What are the most susceptible arteries to arteriosclerosis?
answer
Aorta and coronary arteries
question
What 3 things can result from untreated hypertension?
answer
Wear out (cardiac failure), Blow out (CVA), Run out (Renal failure)
question
What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?
answer
Renal disease
question
What is a condition in pregnant patients resulting from hypertension, proteinuria, and edema?
answer
Preeclampsia
question
What is preeclampsia + seizures?
answer
Eclampsia
question
Where does the aortic dissection most often rupture, causing fatal tamponade?
answer
Pericardial sac
question
What heart valve is the most affected in IV drug users?
answer
Tricuspid valve
question
Which valve is rarely involved in rheumatic heart disease?
answer
Pulmonary
question
What is the most common cause of death from heart attacks?
answer
Arrhythmias causing ventricular fibrillation
question
What are the 2 earliest and most common signs of heart failure?
answer
Exertional dyspnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
question
What is the most common cause of right sided heart failure?
answer
Left sided heart failure
question
What is the greatest cause of COPD?
answer
Cigarette smoking
question
What is the most common cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension?
answer
COPD
question
What are the 2 basic problems of emphysema?
answer
1. Lungs are fixed in inspiration, so it is difficult to exhale 2. Decreased gas exchange from decreased SA
question
What is atelectasis neonatorum?
answer
Alveolar collapse in newborns usually due to decreased surfactant
question
What is the cause of mesothelioma?
answer
Asbestos exposure
question
What is pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of cotton particles?
answer
Byssinosis
question
What is the most common predisposing factor of lung abscess?
answer
Alcoholism (aspiration)
question
What makes up the Ghon complex?
answer
Primary lesion + lymph node involvement
question
What is TB involving the vertebral body?
answer
Pott's disease
question
What is the most common complication of peptic ulcer disease?
answer
Hemorrhage
question
What is soft, bulky, foul-smelling light-colored stool? When does it occur?
answer
Steatorrhea; occurs when fat is not absorbed
question
What can cause obstructive jaundice?
answer
Gallstones that block the CBD
question
What is hereditary accumulation of copper in the liver, kidney, brain, and cornea?
answer
Wilson's disease
question
What is the most important sign of portal hypertension?
answer
Splenomegaly
question
What is the most common cause of ascites?
answer
Liver disease
question
What is the classic cause of blood in the urine in children?
answer
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
question
What does a positive Coombs' test indicate?
answer
Hemolysis is mediated by antibodies attached to RBCs
question
What is toxic accumulation of unconjugated bilirubin in the brain and spinal cord?
answer
Kernicterus
question
What are classic characteristics of sickle cell anemia?
answer
Healing leg ulcers and recurrent bouts of abdominal and chest pain
question
How do the RBCs appear in drug-induced aplastic anemia?
answer
Normochromic and normocytic
question
What is iron deficiency anemia associated with upper esophageal web?
answer
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
question
In polycythemia vera, erythropoietin levels are _____ or _____. In secondary polycythemia, erythropoietin levels are ______.
answer
Normal or low; elevated
question
Where is erythropoietin made?
answer
JG apparatus in the kidney
question
Which 2 diseases exhibit problems with both platelets and coagulation cascade?
answer
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and von Willebrand's disease
question
What is the most common cause of bleeding disorders?
answer
Thrombocytopenia
question
What is a decreased platelet count due to platelet consumption by thrombosis in the terminal arterioles and capillaries?
answer
TTP (Thombotic thrombocytopenic purpura)
question
What are 2 causes of qualitative platelet dysfunction?
answer
Von Willebrand's disease and Bernard-Sollier disease
question
Hemophilia is characterized by ____ PTT, _____ PT, and _____ bleeding time?
answer
Increased PTT, Normal PT, Normal bleeding time
question
Where are clotting factors made?
answer
Liver
question
What does Warfarin inhibit formation of?
answer
Prothrombin (Factor II)
question
What does Heparin bind to and what does it inhibit?
answer
Antithrombin III; formation of thrombin
question
What is the blood glucose level for hyperglycemia?
answer
> 126 mg/dL
question
What happens when the pituitary doesn't make enough TSH?
answer
Secondary hypothyroidism
question
What are 3 dental findings of hypothyroidism?
answer
Underdeveloped mandible, delayed tooth eruption, retained deciduous teeth
question
What can be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasms (MEN I and MEN II1)?
answer
Hyperparathyroidism
question
What are the characteristics of Conn's syndrome?
answer
Increased aldosterone, HTN, increased Na+, Increased water, decreased K+
question
What is an oral sign of Addison's disease?
answer
Diffuse mucosal pigmentation
question
What is hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal cortex that is usually associated with a meningococcal infection?
answer
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
question
What are 2 characteristics of collagen vascular diseases?
answer
Inflammatory damage to CTs and BVs and deposition of fibrinoid material
question
Which antibodies are specific for SLE?
answer
Anti-DNA and anti-Sm
question
What are the manifestations of Scleroderma?
answer
CREST syndrome: Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia
question
What is the ONLY autoimmune disease and CT disease to occur more often in men?
answer
Polyarteritis nodosa
question
What is the clinical triad with Reiter's syndrome?
answer
Can't see (eye inflammation), can't pee (urethritis), can't climb a tree (arthritis)
question
What is the sicca complex?
answer
Dry eyes, dry mouth, lymphocytic exocrine gland inflitration; associated with Sjogren's.
question
What is lymphocytic infiltration causing enlargement of the salivary and lacrimal glands that occurs in association with SLE, Sjogren's, and leukemia, and shows an increased risk of lymphoma?
answer
Mikulicz's syndrome
question
What enzyme is a serum marker of increased osteoblastic activity and bone formation?
answer
Alkaline phosphatase
question
What AA is an marker of increased osteoclastic hyperactivity?
answer
Hydroxyproline
question
What enzyme is a serum marker for prostate cancer?
answer
Acid phosphatase
question
Neurofibromatosis, McCune-Albright syndrome, Fanconi's anemia, and Tuberus sclerosis are all associated with what skin manifestation?
answer
Cafe-au-lait spots
question
What is an AD disorder manifesting with short limbs and normal-sized head and trunk?
answer
Achondroplasia (dwarfism)
question
What is a periapical bone reaction/inflammatory response from a low-grade pulpal infection?
answer
Condensing/sclerosing osteitis
question
What is a possibly fatal condition caused by bone fractures where fat in the marrow is mechanically disrupted and enters the bloodstream?
answer
Fat embolism
question
What kind of medications have been associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw?
answer
Bisphosphonates
question
What is a type of rheumatoid arthritis that occurs in young people?
answer
Still's disease
question
Do osteophytes (bone spurs) occur in osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis?
answer
Osteoarthritis
question
The classic triad of scanning speech, intention tremor, and nystagmus is indicative of what disease?
answer
Multiple sclerosis
question
How is Eaton-Lambert syndrome different from Myasthenia Gravis?
answer
It is caused by a decreased release of Ach (not auto-antibodies against the Ach receptor like MG)
question
What is the most important characteristic distinguishing malignant from benign?
answer
Metastasis
question
What is indicative of immunologic response by the host to malignancy?
answer
Lymphocytic infiltration at the tumor edge
question
What protein is involved in invasion and metastasis?
answer
Cathepsin D
question
What is an embryonal type of rhabdomyosarcoma that protrudes into the lumen?
answer
Sarcoma botryoides
question
How is breast cancer different from fibrocystic disease?
answer
Fibrocystic disease is a benign process, but might increase the risk of breast cancer
question
What gene is associated with both breast and ovarian cancer?
answer
BRCA-1
question
What is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women?
answer
Lung cancer (breast and prostate are more common, but do not more commonly lead to death)
question
Is basal cell carcinoma malignant or benign?
answer
Benign, because it almost never metastasizes, even though "carcinoma" denotes malignancy
question
What is the most common malignancy in the US?
answer
Skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma > SCC > malignant melanoma
question
What is the leading cause of death from skin cancer?
answer
Malignant melanoma
question
What is a pancoast tumor and what are its manifestations?
answer
Tumor in the apical segment of the upper lung; hoarseness, Horner syndrome (ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis)
question
What is the most common malignancy associated with superior vena cava syndrome?
answer
Bronchogenic carcinoma
question
What condition is associated with clubbing of the fingers and toes, enlargement of the extremities, and painful swollen joints?
answer
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
question
How does leukemia differ from other cancers?
answer
It starts in bone marrow and spreads to other major organs (as opposed to beginning in major organs and spreading to bone marrow)
question
What is the most common type of leukemia in children? Adults?
answer
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia
question
What are the lymphocytes called in ALL?
answer
"Null cells"
question
What condition is characterized by a painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue caused by malignant cells called Reed-Sternberg cells?
answer
Hodgekin's lymphoma
question
What differentiates Hodgekin's lymphoma from Non-Hodgekin's lymphoma?
answer
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
question
What confirms the diagnosis of multiple myeloma?
answer
Bence-Jones protein in the urine
question
What is a skin infection that manifests itself as sudden eruption polymorphous skin macules, papules, and occasionally vesicles with hemorrhage?
answer
Habermann's disease
question
What 3 conditions may pheochromocytoma be associated with?
answer
Multiple endocrine neoplasias, neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's), von Hippel-Landau disease (multiple hemangiomas)
question
What is a catecholamine-secreting extra-adrenal chromaffin cell tumor?
answer
Paraganglioma
