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Social Psychology

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scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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Social thinking

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social influences that explain why people act different in same situations

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attribution theory

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people attribute others' behavior to their internal disposition not their external situations (situational attribution)

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fundamental attribution error

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overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of the situation

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attitude

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feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events, can also often predict our behavior

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central route to persuasion

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interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, more central than peripheral route

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peripheral rout to persuasion

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people are influenced by incidental cues, such as the speakers attractiveness, not as durable as central route

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foot- in-the-door phenomenon

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the tendency for people to agree to small action and later comply with a larger one, it gets people to agree with something by starting small and building it up

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role

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a set of explanations or norms about a social position that define who those in the position ought to behave, at first in a role a persons behavior may feel phony but by acting in the role you become that part

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Stanford Prison Experiment

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conducted by Philip Zimbardo, he had some young men act as guards and others as prisoners and after a short time, they both became their roles

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cognitive dissonance theory

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occurs when we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of out thoughts are inconsistent, or when our thoughts/beliefs and our actions are inconsistent, people do it to justify their actions

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the chameleon effect

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when we unconsciously mimic other people's expressions, postures, and voice tones to help us understand what they are feeling, the more people mimic others the more we like them

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mood linkage

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the sharing of up or down moods between people

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conditions that strengthen conformity

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when feel incompetent/ insecure, group has at least 3 people, group is unanimous, group's status/attractiveness, one has no prior commitment to any response, others in group observe ones behavior, culture encourages it

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Solomon Asch

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In 1955 held a study of conformity where people are asked to say which two lines match, but the others in the group answer wrong, people 1/3 of the time went along with the group

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normative social influence

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the influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid dissaporval

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informative social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept another's opinion about reality when we see these people as more factual and more knowing, like a parent or a teacher

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Stanley Milgram

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Created an experiment at Yale University where people had to give shocks to other people, starting small and going up to a lethal voltage, 63% complied, even when they heard screams and cries, showed a greater evil grow out of people's compliance with lesser evils

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when is obedience the highest w/ milgram's experiment

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person giving orders close at hand and seemed to be a legitimate authority figure, supported by a prestigious university, victim at a distance/ depersonalized, no role models for defiance

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social facilitation

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stronger responses to simple of well-learned tasks in the presence of others (yet on tougher tasks performed less well)

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social loafing

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the tendency for people in a group to exert less when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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deindividuation

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the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity, you do something you wouldn't normally do

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group polarization

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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group, over time the differences between other groups also begin to grow

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groupthink

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the mode of thinking that occurs when the dersire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives, essentially keeping your mouth shut because you dont want to upset the group flow

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minority influence

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the power of one of two individuals to sway a majority

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members, usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to a discriminatory action

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stereotype

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a generalized, sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized, belief about a group of people

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discrimination

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an unjustifiable, negative behavior toward a group and its members

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blame-the-victim dynamic

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the idea that the victim is the one who caused the prejudice to happen or the inequalities

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ingroup

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"us" people with whom we share a common identity

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outgroup

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"them" those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

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ingrou bias

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the tendency to favor our own group, we tend to see the good in our own group and see only the bad in the others

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scapegoat theory or prejudice

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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame, it creates an explanation

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categorization

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it simplifies our world by categorizing people, categories base on stereotypes

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other-race effect/ own-race bias

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the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than the faces of other races

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vivid images

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the images that readily come to mind when judging the frequency of events

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just-world phenomenon

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the tendency for people to believe that the world is a just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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hindsight bias

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looking back on something and you end up saying that you knew what the answer was you just got it wrong

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aggression

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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy whether it is done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end

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influences on aggression

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genes (y-chromosome), hormones (testosterone), alcohol, substances, learn aggressive behaviors is rewarding, cultural influences, environmental temperatures,

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frustration-aggression principle

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the idea that frustration, or the blocking of an attempt to reach some goal, creates anger, which can create aggression

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social scripts

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mental tapes for how to act when in certain situations

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prosocial behavior

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behavior that intends to help or benefit someone

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3 things needed to like someone

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proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity

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mere exposure effect

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greater availability and exposure increases our liking of someone, also person who seems most attractive is one you see all the time, own face most familiar

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physical attractiveness

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1st impression, happy and confident more attractive, everyone prefers an attractive person, attractiveness varies across cultures

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similarity

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opposites retract, friends and couples more likely to share common attitudes, beliefs, and interests

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reward theory of attraction

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when we like someone whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

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passionate love

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an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship, short-lived can turn into companionate love

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companionate love

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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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equity

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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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self-disclosure

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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, another ingredient of loving relationships

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altruism

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an unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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bystander effect

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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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best odds with helping if:

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it appears person needs/deserves help, they are similar to us, we observe someone else being helpful, we are not in a hurry, in a small/rural town, we feel guilty, we are not preoccupied, we are in a good mood

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social-exchange theory

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our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs

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reciprocity norm

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the expectation that people will help not hurt those who have helped them, one of the reasons people help others

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social- responsibility norm

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the expectation that people will help those dependent upon them and who need it (children, old people)

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conflict

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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

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social traps

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a situation in which conflicting partners each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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mirror-image perceptions

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mutual views held by conflicting people, as when each sid sees itself as ethical and views the other side as evil and aggressive

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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GRIT

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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction, a strategy designed to decrease international tension

Myers 9th Edition Social Psychology – Flashcards

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